Predictors of Community-Based Health Insurance in Ethiopia via Multilevel Mixed-Effects Modelling: Evidence from the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demography and Health Survey

References

• Fadlallah R, El-Jardali F, Hemadi N, et al. Barriers and facilitators to implementation, uptake and sustainability of community-based health insurance schemes in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Int J Equity Health. 2018;17:1–18. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0721-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges AP, Reis A, Anjos J. Willingness to pay for other individuals’ healthcare expenditures. Public Health. 2017;144:64–69. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agago TA, Woldie M, Ololo S. Willingness to join and pay for the newly proposed social health insurance among teachers in Wolaita Sodo town, South Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2014;24:195–202. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v24i3.2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayked EM, Kahissay MH, Workneh BD Factors affecting community based health insurance utilization in Ethiopia: a systematic review; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Amu H, Seidu -A-A, Agbaglo E, et al. Mixed effects analysis of factors associated with health insurance coverage among women in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0248411. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimani JK, Ettarh R, Warren C, Bellows B. Determinants of health insurance ownership among women in Kenya: evidence from the 2008–09 Kenya demographic and health survey. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:1–8. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demissie B, Negeri KG. Effect of community-based health insurance on utilization of outpatient health care services in Southern Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:141. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S215836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amu H, Dickson KS, Kumi-Kyereme A, Darteh EKM. Understanding variations in health insurance coverage in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania: evidence from demographic and health surveys. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0201833. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), ICF. Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019: final Report; 2021. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR363/FR363.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Health Expenditure Database. Glob Heal Expend; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• FMOH. Ethiopian health sector transformation plan.2015/16-2019/20. Fed Democr Repub Ethiop Minist Heal. 2015;20:50.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The Abuja declaration: ten years on; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Ababa A Expenditure survey brief fifth national health; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Woldemichael A, Takian A, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A. Availability and inequality in accessibility of health centre-based primary healthcare in Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0213896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haile M, Ololo S, Megersa B. Willingness to join community-based health insurance among rural households of Debub Bench District, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ethiopia Federal Ministry of Health AA. Ethiopia’s Fifth National Health Accounts, 2010/2011; 2014. Available from: http://hfgproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ethiopia-Main-NHA-Report.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Elkasabi M, Ren R, Pullum TW. Multilevel Modeling Using DHS Surveys: A Framework to Approximate Level-Weights. ICF; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Croft TN, Marshall AMJ, Allen CK, et al. Guide to DHS statistics. ICF. 2018;645:1
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein H. Multilevel Statistical Models. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Weldesenbet AB, Kebede SA, Ayele BH, Tusa BS. Health Insurance coverage and its associated factors among reproductive-age women in East Africa: a multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear model. Clin Outcomes Res CEOR. 2021;13:693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazungu JS, Barasa EW. Examining levels, distribution and correlates of health insurance coverage in Kenya. Trop Med Int Heal. 2017;22:1175–1185. doi:10.1111/tmi.12912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nageso D, Tefera K, Gutema K. Enrollment in community based health insurance program and the associated factors among households in Boricha district, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0234028. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otieno PO, Wambiya EOA, Mohamed SF, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with health insurance coverage in resource-poor urban settings in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e031543. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Wielen N, Falkingham J, Channon AA. Determinants of national health insurance enrolment in Ghana across the life course: are the results consistent between surveys? Int J Equity Health. 2018;17:1–14. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0760-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo J, Chaix B, Yang M, et al. A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: linking the statistical concept of clustering to the idea of contextual phenomenon. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 2005;59:443–449. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.023473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells WA, Stallworthy G, Balsara Z. How tuberculosis programs can navigate the world of social health insurance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019;23:26–37. doi:10.5588/ijtld.18.0289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozhimannil KB, Abraham JM, Virnig BA. National trends in health insurance coverage of pregnant and reproductive-age women, 2000 to 2009. Women Heal Issues. 2012;22:e135–e141. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2011.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepovic M, Rancic N, Vekic B, et al. Gross domestic product and health expenditure growth in Balkan and East European countries—three-decade horizon. Front Public Heal. 2020:492. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulat AK, Mao W, Bharali I, et al. Scaling up community-based health insurance in Ethiopia: a qualitative study of the benefits and challenges. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22:1–12. doi:10.1186/s12913-022-07889-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feleke S, Mitiku W, Zelelew H, Ashagari D Ethiopia’s community-based health insurance: a step on the road to universal health coverage.[Case study]. Heal Financ Gov Proj Washington, DC Abt Assoc USAID; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Agency EHI. Evaluation of community-based health insurance pilot schemes in Ethiopia; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Vuong QH. Be rich or don’t be sick: estimating Vietnamese patients’ risk of falling into destitution. Springerplus. 2015;4:1–31. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1279-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li J. Effects of age and income on individual health insurance premiums. Undergrad Econ Rev. 2011;7:14.
   Google Scholar
• Baloul I, Dahlui M. Determinants of health insurance enrolment in Sudan: evidence from health utilisation and expenditure household survey 2009. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:1. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-S2-O17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuong Q-H. Sociodemographic factors influencing Vietnamese patient satisfaction with healthcare services and some meaningful empirical thresholds. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47:119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginde AA, Lowe RA, Wiler JL. Health insurance status change and emergency department use among US adults. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:642–647. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuong Q-H, Ho T-M, Nguyen H-K, Vuong -T-T. Healthcare consumers’ sensitivity to costs: a reflection on behavioural economics from an emerging market. Palgrave Commun. 2018;4:1–10. doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0127-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallsworth M. Rethinking public health using behavioural science. Nat Hum Behav. 2017;1:612. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0188-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editorial. The rise of behavioural economics. Nat Hum Behav. 2017;1:767. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0252-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar