Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on acute postoperative pain intensity and mobility after hip fracture: A double-blinded, randomized trial

References

• Dyer SM, Crotty M, Fairhall N, et al. A critical review of the long-term disability outcomes following hip fracture. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):158. doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0332-027590604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Melton LJ III. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1761–1767. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08657-912049882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton C, Bunning T, Cromwell D, et al; Royal College of Physicians. National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) aAnnuall report 2016. Available from: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-hip-fracture-database-annual-report-2016. Accessed September 17, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Uzoigwe CE, Burnand HGF, Cheesman CL, Aghedo DO, Faizi M, Middleton RG. Early and ultra-early surgery in hip fracture patients improves survival. Injury. 2013;44(6):726–729. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.08.02523010072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker MJ, Handoll HH. Gamma and other cephalocondylic intramedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Lib. 2010;9.
   Google Scholar
• Feldt KS, Oh HL. Pain and hip fracture outcomes for older adults. Orthop Nurs. 2000;19(6):35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hallström I, Elander G, Rooke L. Pain and nutrition as experienced by patients with hip fracture. J Clin Nurs. 2000;9(4):639–646.11261147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison RS, Magaziner J, McLaughlin MA, et al. The impact of post-operative pain on outcomes following hip fracture. Pain. 2003;103(3):303–311. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00458-x12791436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasero CL, McCaffery M. Overcoming obstacles to pain assessment in elders. AJN Am J Nurs. 1997;97(9):20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa Y, Hata T, Takemasa I, et al. Clinical benefits of single-incision laparoscopic surgery for postoperative delirium in elderly colon cancer patients. Surg Endosc. 2018;32(3):1434–1440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breit R, Van der Wall H. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postoperative pain relief after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19(1):45–48. doi:10.1016/s0883-5403(03)00458-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluka KA, Bjordal JM, Marchand S, Rakel BA. What makes transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation work? Making sense of the mixed results in the clinical literature. Phys Ther. 2013;93(10):1397–1402. doi:10.2522/ptj.2012028123641031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Song Y. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. 2017;96(37).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson PM, Fouche PF, Thomas RE, Bendall JC. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relieving acute pain in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Emerg Med. 2014;21(1):10–17. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328363c9c123839103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S, Peng W, Tian X, et al. Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation at different frequencies on perioperative anesthetic dosage, recovery, complications, and prognosis in video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Anesth. 2017;31(1):58–65. doi:10.1007/s00540-015-2057-126350110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbruzzi G, Silveira SA, Silva DV, Coronel CC, Plentz RDM. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;27(1):75–87. doi:10.5935/1678-9741.20120012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakel B, Frantz R. Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postoperative pain with movement. J Pain. 2003;4(8):455–464.14622666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahure SA, Rokito AS, Kwon YW. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postoperative pain relief after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a prospective double-blinded randomized trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26(9):1508–1513. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2017.05.03028735847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang T, Barker R, Steinlechner B, et al. TENS relieves acute posttraumatic hip pain during emergency transport. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2007;62(1):184–188. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000197176.75598.fc
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorodetskyi I, Gorodnichenko A, Tursin P, Reshetnyak V, Uskov O. Non-invasive interactive neurostimulation in the post-operative recovery of patients with a trochanteric fracture of the femur. Bone Joint J. 2007;89(11):1488–1494.
   Google Scholar
• Bijur PE, Silver W, Gallagher EJ. Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8(12):1153–1157. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01132.x11733293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: visual analog scale for pain (vas pain), numeric rating scale for pain (nrs pain), McGill pain questionnaire (mpq), short‐form McGill pain questionnaire (sf‐mpq), chronic pain grade scale (cpgs), short form‐36 bodily pain scale (sf‐36 bps), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (icoap). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(S11):S240–S252.22588748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin B, Cameron M. Evaluation of walking speed and functional ambulation categories in geriatric day hospital patients. Clin Rehabil. 1996;10(1):44–46. doi:10.1177/026921559601000109
   Google Scholar
• Magaziner J, Fredman L, Hawkes W, et al. Changes in functional status attributable to hip fracture: a comparison of hip fracture patients to community-dwelling aged. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(11):1023–1031. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg08112777366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichler S, Rabe S, Salzwedel A, et al. Effectiveness of an interactive telerehabilitation system with home-based exercise training in patients after total hip or knee replacement: study protocol for a multicenter, superiority, no-blinded randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18(1):438. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2173-328934966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW. Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders. Percept Mot Skills. 2006;103(1):215–222. doi:10.2466/pms.103.1.215-22217037663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly D, Thomas B, Cliffe S, Perry W, Smith R. Clinical utility of the 2-minute walk test for older adults living in long-term care. Physiother Can. 2009;61(2):78–87. doi:10.3138/physio.61.2.7820190990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen MT, Kehlet H. The basic mobility status upon acute hospital discharge is an independent risk factor for mortality up to 5 years after hip fracture surgery: survival rates of 444 pre-fracture ambulatory patients evaluated with the cumulated ambulation score. Acta Orthop. 2018;89(1):47–52. doi:10.1080/17453674.2017.138203828946781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaffi F, Stancati A, Silvestri CA, Ciapetti A, Grassi W. Minimal clinically important changes in chronic musculoskeletal pain intensity measured on a numerical rating scale. Eur J Pain. 2004;8(4):283–291. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.09.00415207508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubach F, Ravaud P, Baron G, et al. Evaluation of clinically relevant changes in patient reported outcomes in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the minimal clinically important improvement. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(1):29–33. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.02290515208174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance CGT, Rakel BA, Blodgett NP, et al. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain, pain sensitivity, and function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2012;92(7):898–910. doi:10.2522/ptj.2011018322466027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakel BA, Zimmerman MB, Geasland K, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the control of pain during rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Pain®. 2014;155(12):2599–2611. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.02525270585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantana JM, Sluka KA, Lauretti GR. High and low frequency TENS reduce postoperative pain intensity after laparoscopic tubal ligation: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(1):12–19. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31817d107019158541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantana JM, Walsh DM, Vance C, Rakel BA, Sluka KA. Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of hyperalgesia and pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(6):492–499.19007541
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dailey DL, Rakel BA, Vance CG, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain, fatigue and hyperalgesia while restoring central inhibition in primary fibromyalgia. Pain®. 2013;154(11):2554–2562. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.04323900134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance CG, Dailey DL, Rakel BA, Sluka KA. Using TENS for pain control: the state of the evidence. Pain Manag. 2014;4(3):197–209. doi:10.2217/pmt.14.1324953072
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schenkman M, Hughes MA, Samsa G, Studenski S. The relative importance of strength and balance in chair rise by functionally impaired older individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(12):1441–1446. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb04068.x8951313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buatois S, Miljkovic D, Manckoundia P, et al. Five times sit to stand test is a predictor of recurrent falls in healthy community‐living subjects aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(8):1575–1577. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01777.x18808608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ. Obituary: Patrick D. Wall (1925–2001). Nature. 2001;413(6854):378. doi:10.1038/3509668011574873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C-H, Lee T-Y, Her J-S, Liao W-L, Hsieh C-L. Single-blinded, randomized preliminary study evaluating the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postoperative pain in patients with colles’ fracture. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(12):754–758. doi:10.1089/acm.2015.011926496205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SR, Murray SM, Chapman K, Munro B, Tiedemann A. Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people. J Gerontol A. 2002;57(8):M539–M543. doi:10.1093/gerona/57.8.M539
   Google Scholar
• Gopalkrishnan P, Sluka K. TENS reduces primary hyperalgesia and dorsal horn neuron sensitization in rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1998;24:893‏.
   Google Scholar