Reduced Vitamin D Levels are Associated with Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

References

• Westendorp WF, Nederkoorn PJ, Vermeij JD, Dijkgraaf MG, van de Beek D. Post-stroke infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:110. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-11021933425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Bray BD, Hoffman A, et al. Can a novel clinical risk score improve pneumonia prediction in acute stroke care? A UK multicenter cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(1):e001307. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.00130725587017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji R, Shen H, Pan Y, et al. Novel risk score to predict pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1303–1309. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.00059823482598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson O, Kapral M, Hall R, Asllani E, Selchen D, Saposnik G. Risk factors, inpatient care, and outcomes of pneumonia after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2011;77(14):1338–1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823152b121940613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms H, Grittner U, Droge H, Meisel A. Predicting post-stroke pneumonia: the PANTHERIS score. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(3):178–184. doi:10.1111/ane.2013.128.issue-323461541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammersgaard LP, Jorgensen HS, Reith J, et al. Early infection and prognosis after acute stroke: the copenhagen stroke study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;10(5):217–221. doi:10.1053/jscd.2001.3036617903827
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingeman A, Andersen G, Hundborg HH, Svendsen ML, Johnsen SP. In-hospital medical complications, length of stay, and mortality among stroke unit patients. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3214–3218. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.61088121868737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han B, Lyu Y, Sun H, Wei Y, He J. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post-stroke depression. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(9):1269–1274.25438665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim GB. Vitamin D supplementation and CVD. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16:516. doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0238-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausler D, Torke S, Peelen E, et al. High dose vitamin D exacerbates central nervous system autoimmunity by raising T-cell excitatory calcium. Brain. 2019;142:2737–2755. doi:10.1093/brain/awz19031302671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buell JS, Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D and neurocognitive dysfunction: preventing “D”ecline? Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29(6):415–422. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.00118579197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole KE, Loveridge N, Barker PJ, et al. Reduced vitamin D in acute stroke. Stroke. 2006;37(1):243–245. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000195184.24297.c116322500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGreevy C, Williams D. New insights about vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(12):820–826. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-0000422184689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(4):1536–1538. doi:10.1172/JCI1121342997282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, Zittermann A, Dekker JM, Marz W. Vitamin D supplementation: a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of strokes. Curr Drug Targets. 2011;12(1):88–96. doi:10.2174/13894501179359156320795935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda M, Yamashita T, Sasaki N, et al. Oral administration of an active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) decreases atherosclerosis in mice by inducing regulatory T cells and immature dendritic cells with tolerogenic functions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(12):2495–2503. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.21545920930170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsava EM, Helenius J, Avery R, et al. Assessment of the predictive validity of etiologic stroke classification. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(4):419–426. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.581528241214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, et al. The 2011 dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D: what dietetics practitioners need to know. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(4):524–527. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.00421443983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung PW, Park KY, Kim JM, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D status is associated with chronic cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2015;46(1):248–251. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.00770625424481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control. 1988;16(3):128–140. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(88)90053-32841893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Kishore AK, Vail A, et al. Diagnosis of stroke-associated pneumonia: recommendations from the pneumonia in stroke consensus group. Stroke. 2015;46(8):2335–2340. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.00961726111886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrleman S, Simon R. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med. 1989;8(5):551–561. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-02582657958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao SJ. Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Pub Am Stat Assoc. 2005;98(461):257–258. doi:10.1198/jasa.2003.s263
   Google Scholar
• Gong S, Zhou Z, Zhou M, et al. Validation of risk scoring models for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia in patients with ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2016;1(3):122–126. doi:10.1136/svn-2016-00002528959473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zapata-Arriaza E, Moniche F, Blanca PG, et al. External validation of the ISAN, A2DS2, and AIS-APS scores for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(3):673–676. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.05929103860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam KW, Kim TJ, Lee JS, et al. High Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Stroke-Associated Pneumonia. Stroke. 2018;49(8):1886–1892. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.02122829967014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruening T, Al-Khaled M. Stroke-associated pneumonia in thrombolyzed patients: incidence and outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(8):1724–1729. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.03.04526051666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan MZ, Li F, Tian X, et al. Risk factors for lung infection in stroke patients: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(10):1289–1298. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.108530226359533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Doughty C, Doros G, et al. Recovery of swallowing after dysphagic stroke: an analysis of prognostic factors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(1):56–62. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.09.00523102742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers HL, Silver FL, Fang J, Rochon E, Martino R. The incidence, co-occurrence, and predictors of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia after first-ever acute ischemic stroke. J Commun Disord. 2013;46(3):238–248. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.04.00123642855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okubo PC, Fabio SR, Domenis DR, Takayanagui OM. Using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale to predict dysphagia in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;33(6):501–507. doi:10.1159/00033624022538772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2756–2763. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb16269630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann S, Harms H, Ulm L, et al. Stroke-induced immunodepression and dysphagia independently predict stroke-associated pneumonia - the predict study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37(12):3671–3682. doi:10.1177/0271678X1667196427733675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henke C, Foerch C, Lapa S. Early screening parameters for dysphagia in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;44(5–6):285–290. doi:10.1159/00048012328903096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishigami K, Okuro M, Koizumi Y, et al. Association of severe hypertension with pneumonia in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(6):648–653. doi:10.1038/hr.2012.722318204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hug A, Murle B, Dalpke A, Zorn M, Liesz A, Veltkamp R. Usefulness of serum procalcitonin levels for the early diagnosis of stroke-associated respiratory tract infections. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14(3):416–422. doi:10.1007/s12028-009-9325-620052623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wartenberg KE, Stoll A, Funk A, Meyer A, Schmidt JM, Berrouschot J. Infection after acute ischemic stroke: risk factors, biomarkers, and outcome. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;2011:830614. doi:10.4061/2011/83061421789273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulm L, Hoffmann S, Nabavi D, et al. The randomized controlled STRAWINSKI trial: procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy after stroke. Front Neurol. 2017;8:153. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.0015328484421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niimi M, Hashimoto G, Hara T, et al. Relationship between frequency of spontaneous swallowing and salivary substance p level in patients with acute stroke. Dysphagia. 2018;33(4):414–418. doi:10.1007/s00455-017-9867-229185035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata-Arriaza E, Mancha F, Bustamante A, et al. Biomarkers predictive value for early diagnosis of stroke-associated pneumonia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(9):1882–1887. doi:10.1002/acn3.5084931365180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(7):963–968. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.02720854958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiggundu DS, Mutebi E, Kibirige D, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and its characteristics among patients with acute stroke at a national referral hospital in Kampala Uganda. BMC Endocr Disord. 2015;15:53. doi:10.1186/s12902-015-0053-y26437924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovich AJ, Ginde AA, Holmen J, et al. Vitamin D level and risk of community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis. Nutrients. 2014;6(6):2196–2205. doi:10.3390/nu606219624918697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafiq R, Thijs W. Associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with lung function, airway inflammation and common cold in the general population. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):pii: E3040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancer RC, Parekh D, Lax S, et al. Vitamin D deficiency contributes directly to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thorax. 2015;70(7):617–624. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-20668025903964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman S, Buckley AG, Ling KM, et al. Vitamin D supplementation of initially vitamin D-deficient mice diminishes lung inflammation with limited effects on pulmonary epithelial integrity. Physiol Rep. 2017;5:15. doi:10.14814/phy2.13371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao L, Shi Y, Zhao X, et al. Vitamin D attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury through downregulation of toll-like receptor 4. Int J Mol Med. 2017;39(6):1403–1408. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.296128440468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Chen Z, Li W, Huang L, Zhang Y. Vitamin D enhances alveolar development in antenatal lipopolysaccharide-treated rats through the suppression of interferon-gamma production. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1923. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.0192329354129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian K, Bergman P, Henriques-Normark B. Vitamin D promotes pneumococcal killing and modulates inflammatory responses in primary human neutrophils. J Innate Immun. 2017;9(4):375–386. doi:10.1159/00045596928241127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapochnik A, da Silva MR, Leal MP, et al. Vitamin D treatment abrogates the inflammatory response in paraquat-induced lung fibrosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018;355:60–67. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.02029944852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans MA, Kim HA, Ling YH, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation reduces subsequent brain injury and inflammation associated with ischemic stroke. Neuromolecular Med. 2018;20(1):147–159. doi:10.1007/s12017-018-8484-z29476479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang GQ, Lin YT, Wu YM, Cheng QQ, Cheng HR, Wang Z. Individualized prediction of stroke-associated pneumonia for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1951–1962. doi:10.2147/CIA.S22503931806951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar