The Effect of a Lifestyle Intervention Program Using a Mobile Application for Adults with Metabolic Syndrome, versus the Effect of a Program Using a Booklet: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

References

• The International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome; 2017. Available from: https://www.idf.org/e-library/consensus-statements/60-idfconsensus-worldwide-definitionof-the-metabolic-syndrome. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(14):1113–1132. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.03420863953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranasinghe P, Mathangasinghe Y, Jayawardena R, Hills A, Misra A. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome among adults in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):101. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4041-128109251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Li WC, Lun ZJ, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in mainland China: a meta-analysis of published studies. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):296. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2870-y27039079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ärnlöv J, Ingelsson E, Sundstrom J, et al. Impact of body mass index and the metabolic syndrome on the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in middle-aged men. Circulation. 2010;121(2):230–236. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.88752120038741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z29480368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi N, Karagodin I, Wang S, et al. Lifestyle modification for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2014;127(12):1242.e1–10. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.06.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CJ, Kim DJ, Park HR. Effects of a cardiovascular risk reduction intervention with psychobehavioral strategies for Korean adults with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2011;26(2):117–128. doi:10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181ec02ae21076316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujica V, Urzúa A, Leiva E, et al. Intervention with education and exercise reverses the metabolic syndrome in adults. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(3):148–153. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2010.02.00820471000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata M, Honma H, Akasi M, et al. Repeated counselling improves the antidiabetic effects of limited individualized lifestyle guidance in metabolic syndrome: j-STOP-METS final results. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(5):612–616. doi:10.1038/hr.2010.27221228781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanri A, Tomita K, Matsushita Y, et al. Effect of six months lifestyle intervention in Japanese men with metabolic syndrome: randomized controlled trial. J Occup Health. 2012;54(3):215–222. doi:10.1539/joh.11-0238-OA22790524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Chair SY, Wong EM. The effects of a lifestyle intervention program on physical outcomes, depression, and quality of life in adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Cardiol. 2016;230:461–467. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.08428040281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. eHealth; 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/ehealth/en/. Accessed 1215 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Azar KM, Koliwad S, Poon T, et al. The electronic CardioMetabolic Program (eCMP) for patients with cardiometabolic risk: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(5):e134. doi:10.2196/jmir.514327234480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangiry L, Montazeri A, Najafi M, Yaseri M, Farhangi M. An interactive web-based intervention on nutritional status, physical activity and health-related quality of life in patient with metabolic syndrome: a randomized-controlled trial (the Red Ruby Study). Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(1):e240. doi:10.1038/nutd.2016.3528067891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaylis A, Yiaslas T, Bergstrom J, Gore-Felton C. A review of efficacious technology-based weight-loss interventions: five key components. Telemed J E Health. 2010;16(9):931–938. doi:10.1089/tmj.2010.006521091286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock RS, Brooks G, Palmas W, et al. Lessened decline in physical activity and impairment of older adults with diabetes with telemedicine and pedometer use: results from the IDEATel study. Age Ageing. 2011;40(1):98–105. doi:10.1093/ageing/afq14721081539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebreich T, Plotnikoff RC, Courneya KS, et al. Diabetes NetPLAY: a physical activity website and linked email counselling randomized intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6(1):18. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-1819327141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh B, Cho B, Han MK, et al. The effectiveness of mobile phone-based care for weight control in metabolic syndrome patients: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2015;3(3):e83. doi:10.2196/mhealth.422226293568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Sereika SM, Chasens ER, et al. Effect of adherence to self-monitoring of diet and physical activity on weight loss in a technology-supported behavioral intervention. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:221–226. doi:10.2147/PPA.S2888922536058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs N, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Claes N. Surfing depth on a behaviour change website: predictors and effects on behaviour. Inform Health Soc Care. 2010;35(2):41–52. doi:10.3109/17538157.2010.49292220726734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPlante C, Peng W. A systematic review of e-health interventions for physical activity: an analysis of study design, intervention characteristics, and outcomes. Telemed E Health. 2011;17(7):509–523. doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spring B, Duncan JM, Janke E, et al. Integrating technology into standard weight loss treatment: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(2):105–111. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.122123229890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead L, Seaton P. The effectiveness of self-management mobile phone and tablet apps in long-term condition management: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(5):e97. doi:10.2196/jmir.488327185295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Int J Surg. 2012;10(1):28–55.22036893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertzog MA. Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Res Nurs Health. 2008;31(2):180–191. doi:10.1002/nur.2024718183564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The benefits of physical activity; 2018. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm. Accessed 1230, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lin CH, Chiang SL, Tseng WC, Chiang LC. Systematic review of impact of lifestyle-modification programs on metabolic risks and patient-reported outcomes in adults with metabolic syndrome. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2014;11(6):361–368. doi:10.1111/wvn.1206925488565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz N, Champion V, Strecher V. The health belief model. In: Glans K, Rimer B, Lewis F, editors. Health Behavior and Health Education - Theory, Research, and Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Jossey-Bass: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2002:45–63.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson JJ, Norman GJ, Feltz DL, Franklin BA, Johnson JA, Locke SK. Self-efficacy, psychosocial factors, and exercise behavior in traditional versus modified cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001;21(6):363–373. doi:10.1097/00008483-200111000-0000411767810
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godin G. The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. Health Fit J Canada. 2011;4(1):18–22.
   Google Scholar
• Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985;10(3):141–146.4053261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong EML, Leung DYP, Sit JWH, Chan AWK, Chair SY. Prospective validation of the Chinese version of the self-efficacy for exercise scale among middle-aged patients with coronary heart disease. Rehabil Nurs. 2020;45(2):74–79. doi:10.1097/RNJ.000000000000015632118864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer JD, Willett JB. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford University press; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Sawilowsky S. New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Methods. 2009;8(2):597–599. doi:10.22237/jmasm/1257035100
   Google Scholar
• Sandelowski M. Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed method studies. Res Nurs Health. 2000;23(3):246–255. doi:10.1002/1098-240X(200006)23:3<246::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-H10871540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.000000000000006529133356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho SMJ, Lee JH, Shim JS, et al. Effect of smartphone-based lifestyle coaching app on community-dwelling population with moderate metabolic abnormalities: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(10):e17435. doi:10.2196/1743533034564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luley C, Blaik A, Götz A, et al. Weight loss by telemonitoring of nutrition and physical activity in patients with metabolic syndrome for 1 year. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(5):363–374. doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.87543725105874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar