Delirium and Inflammation in Older Adults Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Cohort Study

References

• Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.112732275288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avula A, Nalleballe K, Narula N, et al. COVID-19 presenting as stroke. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:115–119. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.07732360439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Pan M, Xiao Z, Xu X. Neurological manifestations of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic 2019–2020. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):669–670. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-32317732312873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, et al. Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2268–2270. doi:10.1056/NEJMc200859732294339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almqvist J, Granberg T, Tzortzakakis A, et al. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus infections - a systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(10):2057–2071. doi:10.1002/acn3.5116632853453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcez FB, Aliberti MJR, Poco PCE, et al. Delirium and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(11):2440–2446. doi:10.1111/jgs.1680332835425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zazzara MB, Penfold RS, Roberts AL, et al. Probable delirium is a presenting symptom of COVID-19 in frail, older adults: a cohort study of 322 hospitalised and 535 community-based older adults. Age Ageing. 2021;50:40–48.32986799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy M, Helfand BKI, Gou RY, et al. Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(11):e2029540. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2954033211114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Peters ML. The older adult in the emergency department: aging and atypical illness presentation. J Emerg Nurs. 2010;36(1):29–34. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2009.06.01420109775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304(4):443–451. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.101320664045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911–922. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60688-123992774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb K, Seeley A, Quinn T, et al. The consistent burden in published estimates of delirium occurrence in medical inpatients over four decades: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Age Ageing. 2020;49(3):352–360. doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa04032239173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstrom M, Edlund A, Karlsson S, Brannstrom B, Bucht G, Gustafson Y. A multifactorial intervention program reduces the duration of delirium, length of hospitalization, and mortality in delirious patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):622–628. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53210.x15817008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:355–362.32376901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious diseases society of America/American thoracic society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(Suppl 2):S27–S72.17278083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-83558716
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz S. Assessing self-maintenance: activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1983;31(12):721–727. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1983.tb03391.x6418786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn E, Du X, McGrath K, et al. Validation of a consensus method for identifying delirium from hospital records. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e111823. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.011182325369057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman MR, van den Hanenberg F, Sierevelt IN, Tulner CR. Elderly patients with an atypical presentation of illness in the emergency department. Neth J Med. 2017;75(6):241–246.28741583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp P, Miles A, Webb TE, et al. Presenting features of COVID-19 in older people: relationships with frailty, inflammation and mortality. Eur Geriatr Med. 2020;11(6):1089–1094. doi:10.1007/s41999-020-00373-432734464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14–e18. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei C, Liu Y, Liu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and manifestations in older patients with COVID-19. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):395. doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01811-533032534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan JM, Kho J, Akhunbay-Fudge M, et al. Atypical presentation of COVID-19 in hospitalised older adults. Ir J Med Sci. 2021;190(2):469–474. doi:10.1007/s11845-020-02372-732959219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerah L, Baudouin E, Pepin M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 821 older patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection admitted to acute care geriatric wards. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes A, Herrmann FR, Perivier S, Gold G, Graf CE, Zekry D. Delirium in older patients with COVID-19: prevalence, risk factors and clinical relevance. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021. doi:10.1093/gerona/glab039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annweiler C, Sacco G, Salles N, et al. National French survey of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) symptoms in people aged 70 and over. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(3):490–494. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa79232556328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poloni TE, Carlos AF, Cairati M, et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of Delirium as the initial presentation of COVID-19 in the elderly with dementia: an Italian retrospective study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;26:100490. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10049032838241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bianchetti A, Rozzini R, Guerini F, et al. Clinical presentation of COVID19 in dementia patients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24(6):560–562. doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1389-132510106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pranata R, Huang I, Lim MA, Yonas E, Vania R, Kuswardhani RAT. Delirium and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2021;95:104388. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.10438833713880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Freitas SA, Wong E, Lee JY, et al. The effect of multiple assessments on delirium detection: a pilot study. Can Geriatr J. 2020;23(4):277–282. doi:10.5770/cgj.23.43333282047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrillon A, Hourregue C, Azuar J, et al. COVID-19 in older adults: a series of 76 patients aged 85 years and older with COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(12):2735–2743. doi:10.1111/jgs.1689433045106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon ST, Vasunilashorn SM, Ngo L, et al. Higher C-reactive protein levels predict postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing major elective surgery: a longitudinal nested case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(2):145–153. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.209827160518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasunilashorn SM, Dillon ST, Inouye SK, et al. High C-reactive protein predicts delirium incidence, duration, and feature severity after major noncardiac surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(8):e109–e116. doi:10.1111/jgs.1491328555781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan BA, Perkins AJ, Prasad NK, et al. Biomarkers of delirium duration and delirium severity in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(3):353–361. doi:10.1097/CCM.000000000000413931770149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, et al. Delirium. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):1–26.31907359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Li L, Xu M, et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104370. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.10437032344321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard TD, Opal SM, Ely EW. Insights into severe sepsis in older patients: from epidemiology to evidence-based management. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(5):719–727. doi:10.1086/42787615714419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaHue SC, James TC, Newman JC, Esmaili AM, Ormseth CH, Ely EW. Collaborative delirium prevention in the age of COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(5):947–949. doi:10.1111/jgs.1648032277467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar