299
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy of Commonly Used Performance Tests Relative to Fall History in Older Persons: A Systematic Review

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 1591-1616 | Published online: 28 Aug 2021

References

  • United Nations DoEaSA, Population Division. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423); 2019.
  • WHO. World Health Organization Report/ WHO Global Report on Falls Prevention in Older Age; 2007.
  • VermeulenJ, NeyensJC, van RossumE, SpreeuwenbergMD, de WitteLP. Predicting ADL disability in community-dwelling elderly people using physical frailty indicators: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11:33.21722355
  • IaboniA, FlintAJ. The complex interplay of depression and falls in older adults: a clinical review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(5):484–492.23570891
  • LiuSW, ObermeyerZ, ChangY, ShankarKN. Frequency of ED revisits and death among older adults after a fall. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(8):1012–1018.25983268
  • LusardiMM, FritzS, MiddletonA, et al. Determining risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using posttest probability. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2017;40(1):1–36.
  • ThapaPB, BrockmanKG, GideonP, FoughtRL, RayWA. Injurious falls in nonambulatory nursing home residents: a comparative study of circumstances, incidence, and risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(3):273–278.8600195
  • SchoeneD, WuSM, MikolaizakAS, et al. Discriminative ability and predictive validity of the timed up and go test in identifying older people who fall: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(2):202–208.23350947
  • NelsonAJ, CertoLJ, LemboLS, et al. The functional ambulation performance of elderly fallers and non-fallers walking at their preferred velocity. NeuroRehabilitation. 1999;13(3):141–146.
  • VeroneseN, BolzettaF, ToffanelloED, et al. Association between short physical performance battery and falls in older people: the Progetto Veneto Anziani study. Rejuvenation Res. 2014;17(3):276–284. doi:10.1089/rej.2013.149124387140
  • LundinH, SaafM, StrenderL-E, NyrenS, JohanssonS-E, SalminenH. One-leg standing time and hip-fracture prediction. Osteoporosis Int. 2014;25(4):1305–1311. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2593-1
  • ChangCJ, ChangYS, YangSWUsing single leg standing time to predict the fall risk in elderly. Conference proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference; 2013:7456–7458.
  • DuncanPW, WeinerDK, ChandlerJ, StudenskiS. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):M192–7. doi:10.1093/geronj/45.6.M1922229941
  • TinettiME, SpeechleyM, GinterSF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(26):1701–1707. doi:10.1056/NEJM1988122931926043205267
  • GuralnikJM, SimonsickEM, FerrucciL, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85–94.8126356
  • De VetHC, TerweeCB, MokkinkLB, KnolDL. Measurement in Medicine: A Practical Guide (Practical Guides to Biostatistics and Epidemiology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
  • MokkinkLB, de VetHCW, PrinsenCAC, et al. COSMIN risk of bias checklist for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1171–1179.29260445
  • MokkinkLB, TerweeCB, PatrickDL, et al. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):737–745.20494804
  • FletcherRH, FletcherSW, FletcherGS. Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, A Wolters Kluwer business; 2015.
  • PamoukdjianF, PaillaudE, ZelekL, et al. Measurement of gait speed in older adults to identify complications associated with frailty: a systematic review. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015;6(6):484–496.26362356
  • FreibergerE, de VreedeP, SchoeneD, et al. Performance-based physical function in older community-dwelling persons: a systematic review of instruments. Age Ageing. 2012;41(6):712–721.22885845
  • BarryE, GalvinR, KeoghC, HorganF, FaheyT. Is the timed up and go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:14.24484314
  • KopkeS, MeyerG. The Tinetti test: babylon in geriatric assessment. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2006;39(4):288–291.16900448
  • Soares MenezesKVR, AugerC, de Souza MenezesWR, GuerraRO. Instruments to evaluate mobility capacity of older adults during hospitalization: a systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;72:67–79.28599140
  • ParkSH. Tools for assessing fall risk in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(1):1–16.28374345
  • ScottV, VotovaK, ScanlanA, CloseJ. Multifactorial and functional mobility assessment tools for fall risk among older adults in community, home-support, long-term and acute care settings. Age Ageing. 2007;36(2):130–139.17293604
  • AromatarisE, MunnZ, Editors. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.
  • BossuytPM, ReitsmaJB, BrunsDE, et al. STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ. 2015;351:h5527.26511519
  • MoherD, LiberatiA, TetzlaffJ, AltmanDG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.19621072
  • MokkinkLB, TerweeCB, PatrickDL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(4):539–549.20169472
  • FaganTJ. Letter: nomogram for Bayes theorem. N Engl J Med. 1975;293(5):257.1143310
  • HarsM, AudetMC, HerrmannF, et al. Functional performances on admission predict in-hospital falls, injurious falls and fractures in older patients: a prospective study. J Bone Mineral Res. 2018.
  • SchwendimannR, BühlerH, De GeestS, MilisenK. Characteristics of hospital inpatient falls across clinical departments. Gerontology. 2008;54(6):342–348.18460867
  • TerweeCB, JansmaEP, RiphagenII, de VetHC. Development of a methodological PubMed search filter for finding studies on measurement properties of measurement instruments. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(8):1115–1123.19711195
  • NordinE, LindelofN, RosendahlE, JensenJ, Lundin-OlssonL. Prognostic validity of the timed up-and-go test, a modified get-up-and-go test, staff’s global judgement and fall history in evaluating fall risk in residential care facilities. Age Ageing. 2008;37(4):442–448.18515291
  • MuirSW, BergK, ChesworthBM, KlarN, SpeechleyM. Modifiable risk factors identify people who transition from non-fallers to fallers in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective study. Physiother Can. 2010;62(4):358–367.21886376
  • OliverD, DalyF, MartinFC, McMurdoME. Risk factors and risk assessment tools for falls in hospital in-patients: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2004;33(2):122–130.14960426
  • WhitingPF, RutjesAW, WestwoodME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529–536.22007046
  • SteinhauserS, SchumacherM, RückerG. Modelling multiple thresholds in meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(1):97.27520527
  • HarbordRM, DeeksJJ, EggerM, WhitingP, SterneJA. A unification of models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Biostatistics. 2007;8(2):239–251.16698768
  • MacaskillP, GatsonisCA, DeeksJJ, HarbordRM, TakwoingiY. Chapter 10: analysing and Presenting Results. In: DeeksJJ, BossuytPM, GatsonisC, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 1.0. Vol. 2010. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2010.
  • PrinsenCAC, MokkinkLB, BouterLM, et al. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1147–1157.29435801
  • GreeneBR, O’DonovanA, Romero-OrtunoR, CoganL, ScanaillCN, KennyRA. Quantitative falls risk assessment using the timed up and go test. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2010;57(12):2918–2926.20923729
  • MarquesA, AlmeidaS, CarvalhoJ, CruzJ, OliveiraA, JácomeC. Reliability, validity, and ability to identify fall status of the balance evaluation systems test, mini-balance evaluation systems test, and brief-balance evaluation systems test in older people living in the community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(12):2166–73.e1.27497826
  • MuirSW, BergK, ChesworthB, SpeechleyM. Use of the berg balance scale for predicting multiple falls in community-Dwelling elderly people: a prospective study. Phys Ther. 2008;88(4):449–459.18218822
  • SantosGM, SouzaAC, VirtuosoJF, TavaresGM, MazoGZ. Predictive values at risk of falling in physically active and no active elderly with Berg Balance Scale. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2011;15(2):95–101.21789358
  • YingyongyudhaA, SaengsirisuwanV, PanichapornW, BoonsinsukhR. The mini-balance evaluation systems test (mini-bestest) demonstrates higher accuracy in identifying older adult participants with history of falls than do the bestest, berg balance scale, or timed up and go test. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2016;39(2):64–70.
  • Abu SamahZ. Discriminative and Predictive Ability of Physical Performance Measures in Identifying Fall Risk Among Older Adults. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2018.
  • AlexandreTS, MeiraDM, RicoNC, MizutaSK. Accuracy of timed up and go test for screening risk of falls among community-dwelling elderly. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(5):381–388.
  • ChantanachaiT, PichaiyongwongdeeS, JalayondejaC. Fall prediction in thai elderly with timed up and go and tandem walk test: a cross-sectional study. J Med Assoc Thai/Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 2014;97(Suppl 7):S21–5.25141522
  • CriterRE, HonakerJA. Identifying balance measures most likely to identify recent falls. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2016;39(1):30–37.
  • CriterRE, HonakerJA. Fall risk screening protocol for older hearing clinic patients. Int J Audiol. 2017;56(10):767–774.28541763
  • IbrahimA, SinghDKA, ShaharS, OmarMA. Timed up and go test combined with self-rated multifactorial questionnaire on falls risk and sociodemographic factors predicts falls among community-dwelling older adults better than the timed up and go test on its own. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2017;10:409–416.29138571
  • KojimaG, MasudT, KendrickD, et al. Does the timed up and go test predict future falls among British community-dwelling older people? Prospective cohort study nested within a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:38.25887660
  • ShimadaH, SuzukawaM, TiedemannA, KobayashiK, YoshidaH, SuzukiT. Which neuromuscular or cognitive test is the optimal screening tool to predict falls in frail community-dwelling older people?Gerontology. 2009;55(5):532–538.19776609
  • TruebloodPR, Hodson-ChennaultN, McCubbinA, YoungclarkeD. Performance and impairment-based assessments among community dwelling elderly: sensitivity and specificity. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2001;24(1):2–6.
  • ArnoldCM, FaulknerRA. The history of falls and the association of the timed up and go test to falls and near-falls in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Geriatr. 2007;7:17.17610735
  • RoseDJ, JonesCJ, LuccheseN. Predicting the probability of falls in community-residing older adults using the 8-foot up-and-go: a new measure of functional mobility. J Aging Phys Act. 2002;10(4):466.
  • Shumway-CookA, BrauerS, WoollacottM. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up & go test. Phys Ther. 2000;80(9):896–903.10960937
  • MurphyMA, OlsonSL, ProtasEJ, OverbyAR. Screening for falls in community-dwelling elderly. J Aging Phys Act. 2003;11(1):66–80.
  • MiddletonA, FulkGD, HerterTM, BeetsMW, DonleyJ, FritzSL. Self-selected and maximal walking speeds provide greater insight into fall status than walking speed reserve among community-Dwelling older Adults. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95(7):475–482.27003205
  • ViveiroLAP, GomesGCV, BachaJMR, et al. Reliability, validity, and ability to identity fall status of the Berg Balance Scale, Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest in older adults who live in nursing homes. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2019;42(4):E45–e54.
  • ApplebaumEV, BretonD, FengZW, et al. Modified 30-second Sit to Stand test predicts falls in a cohort of institutionalized older veterans. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176946.28464024
  • ChowRB, LeeA, KaneBG, et al. Effectiveness of the “Timed Up and Go” (TUG) and the Chair test as screening tools for geriatric fall risk assessment in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(3):457–460.29910184
  • GafnerSC, BastiaenenCH, FerrariS, et al. Hip muscle and hand-grip strength to differentiate between older fallers and non-fallers: a cross-sectional validity study. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:1–8.29317804
  • SousaLM, Marques-VieiraCM, CaldevillaMN, HenriquesCM, SeverinoSS, CaldeiraSM. Risk for falls among community-dwelling older people: systematic literature review. Revista Gaucha De Enfermagem. 2017;37(4):e55030.28273251
  • GanzDA, HigashiT, RubensteinLZ. Monitoring falls in cohort studies of community-Dwelling older people: effect of the recall interval. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(12):2190–2194.16398908
  • CummingsSR, NevittMC, KiddS. Forgetting falls. The Limited Accuracy of Recall of Falls in the Elderly J Am Geriatrics Soc. 1988;36(7):613–616.
  • HoffmanGJ, HaJ, AlexanderNB, LangaKM, TinettiM, MinLC. Underreporting of fall injuries of older adults: implications for wellness visit fall risk screening. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(6):1195–1200.29665016
  • FaberMJ, BosscherRJ, van WieringenPC. Clinimetric properties of the performance-oriented mobility assessment. Phys Ther. 2006;86(7):944–954.16813475
  • GreinerM, PfeifferD, SmithRD. Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Prev Vet Med. 2000;45(1–2):23–41.10802332
  • StevensJA, PhelanEA. Development of STEADI: a fall prevention resource for health care providers. Health Promot Pract. 2013;14(5):706–714.23159993
  • Wang-HsuE, SmithSS. Interrater and test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and subsystems with community-Dwelling older adults. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2018;41(3):173–179.
  • AnsonE, ThompsonE, MaL, JekaJ. Reliability and fall risk detection for the BESTest and Mini-BESTest in older adults. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2019;42(2):81–85.
  • HofheinzM, SchusterschitzC. Dual task interference in estimating the risk of falls and measuring change: a comparative, psychometric study of four measurements. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(9):831–842.20562166
  • LeeS-P, DufekJ, HickmanR, SchuermanS. Influence of procedural factors on the reliability and performance of the timed up-and-go test in older adults. Int J Gerontol. 2016;10(1):37–42.
  • SmithE, WalshL, DoyleJ, GreeneB, BlakeC. The reliability of the quantitative timed up and go test (QTUG) measured over five consecutive days under single and dual-task conditions in community dwelling older adults. Gait Posture. 2016;43:239–244.26526223
  • HartmannA, MurerK, de BieRA, de BruinED. Reproducibility of spatio-temporal gait parameters under different conditions in older adults using a trunk tri-axial accelerometer system. Gait Posture. 2009;30(3):351–355.19628391
  • GoldbergA, SchepensS. Measurement error and minimum detectable change in 4-meter gait speed in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2011;23(5–6):406–412.22526072
  • HarsM, HerrmannFR, TrombettiA. Reliability and minimal detectable change of gait variables in community-dwelling and hospitalized older fallers. Gait Posture. 2013;38(4):1010–1014.23790571
  • ArnoldCM, WarkentinKD, ChilibeckPD, MagnusCR. The reliability and validity of handheld dynamometry for the measurement of lower-extremity muscle strength in older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(3):815–824.19661831
  • Ford-SmithCD, WymanJF, ElswickRKJr, FernandezT. Reliability of stationary dynamometer muscle strength testing in community-dwelling older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(8):1128–1132.11494194
  • KatohM, IsozakiK. Reliability of isometric knee extension muscle strength measurements of healthy elderly subjects made with a hand-held dynamometer and a belt. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(12):1855–1859.25540481
  • AndréHI, CarnideF, BorjaE, RamalhoF, Santos-RochaR, VelosoAP. Calf-raise senior: a new test for assessment of plantar flexor muscle strength in older adults: protocol, validity, and reliability. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:1661–1674.27895473
  • HofheinzM, MibsM. The prognostic validity of the timed up and go test with a dual task for predicting the risk of falls in the elderly. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2016;2:2333721416637798.28138492
  • Holbein-JennyMA, Billek-SawhneyB, BeckmanE, SmithT. Balance in personal care home residents: a comparison of the Berg Balance Scale, the multi-directional reach test, and the activities-specific balance confidence scale. J Geriatric Phys Ther. 2005;28(2):48–53.
  • MartinezBP, BatistaAK, RamosIR, et al. Viability of gait speed test in hospitalized elderly patients. J Bras Pneumol. 2016;42(3):196–202.27383933
  • BautmansI, JansenB, Van KeymolenB, MetsT. Reliability and clinical correlates of 3D-accelerometry based gait analysis outcomes according to age and fall-risk. Gait Posture. 2011;33(3):366–372.21227697
  • BruyneelAV, GafnerSC, FerrariS, et al. Intra-rater reliability of hip abductor isometric strength testing in a standing position in older fallers and non-fallers. Eur Rev Aging Phys Activity. 2018;15:9.
  • GafnerS, BastiaenenCHG, TerrierP, et al. Evaluation of hip abductor and adductor strength in the elderly: a reliability study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Activity. 2017;14:5.