The Frail Depressed Patient: A Narrative Review on Treatment Challenges

References

• Taylor WD, Solomon CG; Clinical practice. Depression in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1228–1236. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1402180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Préville M, Mechakra Tahiri SD, Vasiliadis HM, et al. Association between perceived social stigma against mental disorders and use of health services for psychological distress symptoms in the older adult population: validity of the STIG scale. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(5):464–474. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.944092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsamo M, Cataldi F, Carlucci L, Padulo C, Fairfield B. Assessment of late-life depression via self-report measures: a review. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2021–2044. doi:10.2147/CIA.S178943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Physical frailty: ICFSR International clinical practice guidelines for identification and management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(9):771–787. doi:10.1007/s12603-019-1273-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeiren S, Vella-Azzopardi R, Beckwée D, et al.; Gerontopole Brussels Study group. Frailty and the prediction of negative health outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(12):1163.e1–1163.e17. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392–397. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174(4):307–311. doi:10.1192/bjp.174.4.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppa M, Sikorski C, Luck T, et al. Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life–systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):212–221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogendijk EO, Afilalo J, Ensrud KE, Kowal P, Onder G, Fried LP. Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1365–1375. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31786-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. Sci World J. 2001;1:323–336. doi:10.1100/tsw.2001.58
   Google Scholar
• O’Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O’Donovan MR, et al. Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age Ageing. 2021;50(1):96–104. doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezuk B, Edwards L, Lohman M, Choi M, Lapane K. Depression and frailty in later life: a synthetic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(9):879–892. doi:10.1002/gps.2807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezuk B, Lohman M, Dumenci L, Lapane KL. Are depression and frailty overlapping syndromes in mid- and late-life? A latent variable analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(6):560–569. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman M, Dumenci L, Mezuk B. Depression and frailty in late life: evidence for a common vulnerability. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016;71(4):630–640. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soysal P, Veronese N, Thompson T, et al. Relationship between depression and frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;36:78–87. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PJ, Roose SP, O’Boyle KR, et al. Frailty and its correlates in adults with late life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(2):145–154. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collard RM, Comijs HC, Naarding P, Oude Voshaar RC. Physical frailty: vulnerability of patients suffering from late-life depression. Aging Ment Health. 2014;18(5):570–578. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.827628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu W, Chang SF, Ho HY, Lin HC. The relationship between depression and frailty in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 84,351 older adults. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2019;51(5):547–559. doi:10.1111/jnu.12501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakey SL, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, et al. Antidepressant use, depressive symptoms, and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older from the women’s health initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:854–861. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03940.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson D, Lichtenberg PA. Vascular depression: an early warning sign of frailty. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(1):85–93. doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.692767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprahamian I, Suemoto CK, Lin SM, et al. Depression is associated with self-rated frailty in older adults from an outpatient clinic: a prospective study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;13:1–10. doi:10.1017/S104161021800100X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Shi GP, Wang Y, et al. Depressive symptoms are associated with incident frailty in a Chinese population: the Rugao Longevity and Aging Study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(11):2297–2302. doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01409-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges MK, Romanini CV, Lima NA, et al. Longitudinal association between Late-Life Depression (LLD) and Frailty: findings from a Prospective Cohort Study (MiMiCS-FRAIL). J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(7):895–902. doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1639-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Mata FAF, Miranda Forte Gomes M, Lício Ferreira Santos J, Apareci da de Oliveira Duarte Y, Gomes PM. Depression and frailty in older adults: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0247766. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prina AM, Stubbs B, Veronese N, et al. Depression and incidence of frailty in older people from six Latin American Countries. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(10):1072–1079. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng L, Nyunt MSZ, Feng L, Yap KB, Ng TP. Frailty predicts new and persistent depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults: findings from Singapore longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(1):76.e7–76.e12. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makizako H, Shimada H, Doi T, et al. Physical frailty predicts incident depressive symptoms in elderly people: prospective findings from the Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3):194–199. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collard RM, Comijs HC, Naarding P, et al. Frailty as a predictor of the incidence and course of depressed mood. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(6):509–514. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.01.088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collard RM, Arts MHL, Schene AH, Naarding P, Oude Voshaar RC, Comijs HC. The impact of frailty on depressive disorder in later life: findings from the Netherlands Study of depression in older persons. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;43:66–72. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronese N, Solmi M, Maggi S, et al. Frailty and incident depression in community-dwelling older people: results from the ELSA study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32(12):e141–e149. doi:10.1002/gps.4673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu XF, Zhang N, Shi GP, et al. Frailty and incident depressive symptoms in a Chinese sample: the Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study. Psychogeriatrics. 2020;20(5):691–698. doi:10.1111/psyg.12565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz BS. The molecular intersection between senescence and major depression in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26(11):1097–1105. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PJ, Rutherford BR, Yaffe K, et al. The depressed frail phenotype: the clinical manifestation of increased biological aging. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(11):1084–1094. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miloyan B, Fried E. A reassessment of the relationship between depression and all-cause mortality in 3,604,005 participants from 293 studies. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2):219–220. doi:10.1002/wps.20439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuijpers P, Vogelzangs N, Twisk J, Kleiboer A, Li J, Penninx BW. Comprehensive meta-analysis of excess mortality in depression in the general community versus patients with specific illnesses. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(4):453–462. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13030325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oude Voshaar RC, Jeuring HW, Borges MK, et al. Course of frailty stratified by physical and mental multimorbidity patterns: a 5-year follow-up of 92,640 participants of the LifeLines cohort study. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12916-021-01904-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Wu C, Odden MC, et al. Multimorbidity patterns, frailty, and survival in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;75(8):1265–1270. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts MHL, van den Berg KS, Marijnissen RM, et al. Frailty as a predictor of mortality in late-life depression: a prospective clinical cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021;82(3):20m13277. doi:10.4088/JCP.20m13277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oude Voshaar RC, Dimitriadis M, vandenBrink RHS, et al. A 6-year prospective clinical cohort study on the bidirectional association between frailty and depressive disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(11):1699–1707. doi:10.1002/gps.5588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschini E, Levkovitz Y, Iovieno N, Ameral VE, Nelson JC, Papakostas GI. Efficacy of antidepressants for late-life depression: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(12):1660–1668. doi:10.4088/JCP.10r06531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaakxs R, Comijs HC, Lamers F, Kok RM, Beekman ATF, Penninx BWJH. Associations between age and the course of major depressive disorder: a 2-year longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(7):581–590. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30166-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calati R, Salvina Signorelli M, Balestri M, et al. Antidepressants in elderly: metaregression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benraad CE, Kamerman-Celie F, van Munster BC, Oude Voshaar RC, Spijker J, Olde Rikkert MG. Geriatric characteristics in randomised controlled trials on antidepressant drugs for older adults: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(9):990–1003. doi:10.1002/gps.4443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallery L, MacLeod T, Allen M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of second-generation antidepressants for the treatment of older adults with depression: questionable benefit and considerations for frailty. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):306. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1327-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallery LH, Ransom T, Steeves B, Cook B, Dunbar P, Moorhouse P. Evidence-informed guidelines for treating frail older adults with type 2 diabetes: from the Diabetes Care Program of Nova Scotia (DCPNS) and the Palliative and Therapeutic Harmonization (PATH) program. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(11):801–808. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallery LH, Moorhouse P, McLean Veysey P, Allen M, Fleming I. Severely frail elderly patients do not need lipid-lowering drugs. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(2):131–142. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.15114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SM, Borges MK, de Siqueira ASS, et al. Serotonin receptor inhibitor is associated with falls independent of frailty in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25(2):219–224. doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1675143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PJ, Ciarleglio A, Roose SP, et al. Frailty worsens antidepressant treatment outcomes in late life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;29(9):944–955. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.12.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford BR, Slifstein M, Chen C, et al. Effects of L-DOPA monotherapy on psychomotor speed and [11C]raclopride binding in high-risk older adults with depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86(3):221–229. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavretsky H, Reinlieb M, St Cyr N, Siddarth P, Ercoli LM, Senturk D. Citalopram, methylphenidate, or their combination in geriatric depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(6):561–569. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tundo A, de Filippis R, De Crescenzo F. Pramipexole in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140(2):116–125. doi:10.1111/acps.13055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Eckshtain D, et al. Psychotherapy for depression across different age groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(7):694–702. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltman MW, Voshaar RC, Speckens AE. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression in people with a somatic disease: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(1):11–19. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.064675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel C, Karyotaki E, Ciharova M, Cristea IA, Penninx BWJH, Cuijpers P. Psychotherapy for comorbid depression and somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2021;18:1–11. doi:10.1017/S0033291721004414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgadillo J, Dawson A, Gilbody S, Böhnke JR. Impact of long-term medical conditions on the outcomes of psychological therapy for depression and anxiety. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210(1):47–53. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.189027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetlevik O, Garre-Fivelsdal G, Bjorvatn B, Hjørleifsson S, Ruths S. Patient-reported depression treatment and future treatment preferences: an observational study in general practice. Fam Pract. 2019;36:771–777. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmz026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wuthrich VM, Frei J. Barriers to treatment for older adults seeking psychological therapy. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(7):1227–1236. doi:10.1017/S1041610215000241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew MK, Fisk JD, Rockwood K. Psychological well-being in relation to frailty: a frailty identity crisis? Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(8):1347–1353. doi:10.1017/S1041610212000269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Mansfield J, Skornick-Bouchbinder M, Brill S. Trajectories of end of life: a systematic review. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73(4):564–572. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel N, Schilling OK, Wahl H-W, Beekman ATF, Penninx BWJH. Time-to-death-related change in positive and negative affect among older adults approaching the end of life. Psychol Aging. 2013;28(1):128–141. doi:10.1037/a0030471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillit H, Butler RN. The frailty identity crisis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):348–352. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02104.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duppen RD, Machielse A, Verté RD, Dury S, De Donder L, Consortium DS. Meaning in life for socially frail older adults. J Community Health Nurs. 2019;36(2):65–77. doi:10.1080/07370016.2019.1582160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost R, Beattie A, Bhanu C, Walters K, Ben-Shlomo Y. Management of depression and referral of older people to psychological therapies: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Br J Gen Pract. 2019;69(680):e171–e181. doi:10.3399/bjgp19X701297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG, eds. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Zettle RD. The evolution of a contextual approach to therapy: from comprehensive distancing to ACT. Int J Behav Consult Ther. 2005;1:77–89. doi:10.1037/h0100736
   Google Scholar
• Twohig MP, Levin ME. Acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for anxiety and depression: a review. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017;40(4):751–770. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Z, Luo S, Zhang L, Wu S, Chi I. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to reduce depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;260:728–737. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes LS, Clark J, Colclough JA, Dale E, McMillan D. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin J Pain. 2017;33(6):552–568. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maghsoudi Z, Razavi Z, Razavi M, Javadi M. Efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for emotional distress in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:2137–2143. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S221245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao C, Lai L, Zhang L, et al. The effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological and physical outcomes among cancer patients: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2021;140:110304. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetherell JL, Petkus AJ, Alonso-Fernandez M, Bower ES, Steiner AR, Afari N. Age moderates response to acceptance and commitment therapy vs. cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(3):302–308. doi:10.1002/gps.4330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol. 2003;144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
   Google Scholar
• de Frias CM, Whyne E. Stress on health-related quality of life in older adults: the protective nature of mindfulness. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(3):201–206. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.924090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epel E, Daubenmier J, Moskowitz JT, Folkman S, Blackburn E. Can meditation slow rate of cellular aging? Cognitive stress, mindfulness, and telomeres. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1172(1):34–53. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SYH, Bressington D. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression, anxiety, and stress in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2019;28(3):635–656. doi:10.1111/inm.12568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger PJ, Boggero IA, Brake CA, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for older adults: a review of the effects on physical and emotional well-being. Mindfulness. 2016;7(2):296–307. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0444-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler RN. The life review: an interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry. 1963;26(1):65–76. doi:10.1080/00332747.1963.11023339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler RN. Successful aging and the role of the life review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1974;22(12):529–535. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1974.tb04823.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan X, Xiao H, Chen Y, Zhang X. Effects of life review intervention on life satisfaction and personal meaning among older adults with frailty. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2018;56(7):30–36. doi:10.3928/02793695-20180305-01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent E, Martin FC, Bergman H, Woo J, Romero-Ortuno R, Walston JD. Management of frailty: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1376–1386. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31785-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negm AM, Kennedy CC, Thabane L, et al. Management of frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(10):1190–1198. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klil-Drori S, Klil-Drori AJ, Pira S, Rej S. Exercise intervention for late-life depression: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(1):19r12877. doi:10.4088/JCP.19r12877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-López FR, Martínez-Domínguez SJ, Lajusticia H, Chedraui P; Health Outcomes Systematic Analyses Project. Effects of programmed exercise on depressive symptoms in midlife and older women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2017;106:38–47. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan L, Horgan NF, Cummins V, et al. Embedding physical activity within community home support services for older adults in Ireland a qualitative study of barriers and enablers. Clin Interv Aging. 2022;17:223–234. doi:10.2147/CIA.S351431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murukesu RR, Singh DKA, Shahar S, Subramaniam P. Physical activity patterns, psychosocial well-being and coping strategies among older persons with cognitive frailty of the “WE-RISE” trial throughout the COVID-19 movement control order. Clin Interv Aging. 2021;16:415–429. doi:10.2147/CIA.S290851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cezar NOC, Aprahamian I, Ansai JH, et al. Feasibility of reducing frailty components in older adults with Alzheimer’s dementia: a randomized controlled home-based exercise trial (AD-HOMEX). Exp Gerontol. 2021;150:111390. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge ML, Simonsick EM, Dong BR, Kasper JD, Xue QL. Frailty, with or without cognitive impairment, is a strong predictor of recurrent falls in a US Population-representative sample of older adults. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(11):e354–e360. doi:10.1093/gerona/glab083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza SE, Musi N, Wang CP, et al. Rationale and study design of a randomized clinical trial of metformin to prevent frailty in older adults with prediabetes. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75(1):102–109. doi:10.1093/gerona/glz078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazuda HP, Pan Q, Florez H, et al. Association of intensive lifestyle and metformin interventions with frailty in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(5):929–936. doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler-Forsberg O, Lydholm CN, Hjorthøj C, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Benros ME. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment on major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms: meta-analysis of clinical trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139(5):404–419. doi:10.1111/acps.13016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decade of healthy ageing: baseline report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240023307. Accessed June 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Wassink-Vossen S, Collard RM, Wardenaar KJ, et al. Trajectories and determinants of functional limitations in late-life depression: a 2-year prospective cohort study. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;62:90–96. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprahamian I, Suemoto CK, Lin SM, et al. Depression is associated with self-rated frailty in older adults from an outpatient clinic: a prospective study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019;31(3):425–434. doi:10.1017/S104161021800100X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HW, Jin T, Baek JY, et al. Functional age predicted by electronic short physical performance battery can detect frailty status in older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:2175–2182. doi:10.2147/CIA.S280542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar