407
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

External Validation of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and the Geriatric-Sensitive Perioperative Cardiac Risk Index in Oldest Old Patients Following Surgery Under Spinal Anaesthesia; a Retrospective Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 737-753 | Received 11 Mar 2023, Accepted 02 May 2023, Published online: 10 May 2023

References

  • Encyclopedia.com. Oldest old. Availiable from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/oldest-old. Accessed May 4, 2023.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects 2022: summary of results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3; 2022.
  • Eisenmenger M, Pötzsch O, Sommer B. Germany’s population by 2050. In: Results of the 11th Coordinated Population Projection” Statistisches Bundesamt. Wiesbaden: Federal Statistical Office; 2006.
  • Statista. Share of adults diagnosed with cardiovascular conditions* in Germany in 2018, by age; 2018. Availablefrom: Statistahttps://www.statista.com/statistics/975997/germanycardiovascular-conditions-by-age/. Accessed May 4, 2023.
  • RKI. CardiovascularDisease. Availablefrom: https://www.rki.de/EN/Content/Health_Monitoring/Main_Topics/Chronic_Disease/Cardiovascular_Disease/cardiovascular_disease_node.html#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20diseases%20are%20the%20leading,approximately%2040%25%20of%20all%20deaths. Accessed May 4, 2023.
  • Nanayakkara S, Marwick TH, Kaye DM. The ageing heart: the systemic and coronary circulation. Heart. 2018;104(5):370–376. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312114
  • Jeong O, Park YK, Jung MR, Ryu SY. Compliance with guidelines of enhanced recovery after surgery in elderly patients undergoing gastrectomy. World J Surg. 2017;41(4):1040–1046. doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3845-y
  • Devereaux PJ, Goldman L, Cook DJ, Gilbert K, Leslie K, Guyatt GH. Perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a review of the magnitude of the problem, the pathophysiology of the events and methods to estimate and communicate risk. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;173:627–634. doi:10.1503/cmaj.050011
  • Sprung J, Warner ME, Contreras MG, et al. Predictors of survival following cardiac arrest in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a study of 518,294 patients at a tertiary referral center. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(2):259–269. doi:10.1097/00000542-200308000-00006
  • Chow WB, Rosenthal RA, Merkow RP, Ko CY, Esnaola NF. Optimal preoperative assessment of the geriatric surgical patient: a best practices guideline from the American college of surgeons national surgical quality improvement program and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215:453–466. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.017
  • Roger VL`, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al.; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(4):e18–e209. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182009701
  • Matsuo M, Yamagami T, Higuchi A. Impact of age on postoperative complication rates among elderly patients with Hip fracture: a retrospective matched study. J Anesth. 2018;32(3):452–456. doi:10.1007/s00540-018-2494-8
  • Messina A, Frassanito L, Colombo D, et al. Hemodynamic changes associated with spinal and general anesthesia for Hip fracture surgery in severe ASA III elderly population: a pilot trial. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(9):1021–1029.
  • Kilinc LT, Sivrikaya GU, Eksioglu B, Hanci A, Dobrucali H. Comparison of unilateral spinal and continous spinal anesthesia for Hip surgery in elderly patients. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013;7:404–409. doi:10.4103/1658-354X.121054
  • Lessing NL, Edwards CC, Lin C, Brown CH. Complex lumbar spine fusion for an elderly patient under spinal anesthesia. Orthopedics. 2017;40(5):e915–e917. doi:10.3928/01477447-20170602-02
  • Lessing NL, Edwards CC, Ledford EC, Dean CL. Spinal anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. Orthopedics. 2017;40(2):317–322.
  • Jw U, Andres FJ, Eggert E. The role of anaesthesia in geriatric patients with Hip fractures: a prospective study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1993;10:380.
  • Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1043–1049. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.100.10.1043
  • Alrezk R, Jackson N, Al Rezk M, et al. Derivation and validation of a geriatric-sensitive perioperative cardiac risk index. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(11):e006648. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.006648
  • Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular aging research: the next horizons. JAm Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:613–625. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb02579.x
  • Lakatta EG. Changes in cardiovascular function with aging. Eur Heart J. 1990;11(suppl_C):22–29. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/11.suppl_C.22
  • Priebe HJ. The aged cardiovascular risk patient. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(5):763–778. doi:10.1093/bja/85.5.763
  • Lairez O, Ferré F, Portet N, et al. Cardiovascular effects of low-dose spinal anaesthesia as a function of age: an observational study using echocardiography. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2015;34(5):271–276. doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2015.02.007
  • Rooke GA, Freund PR, Jacobson AF. Hemodynamic response and change in organ blood volume during spinal anesthesia in elderly men with cardiac disease. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(1):99–105. doi:10.1097/00000539-199707000-00018
  • Qx MD; GSCRI. Geriatric-sensitive perioperative cardiac risk index. Available from: https://qxmd.com/calculate/calculator_448/geriatric-sensitive-perioperative-cardiac-risk-index-gscri. Accessed May 4, 2023.
  • Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KGM. Trans- parent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement. BMJ. 2015;350:g7594. doi:10.1136/bmj.g7594
  • WorldMedical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053
  • Kristensen SD, Knuuti J, Saraste A, et al. 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: the joint task force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(35):2383–2431. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu282
  • Fronczek J, Polok K, Devereaux PJ, et al. External validation of the revised cardiac risk index and national surgical quality improvement program myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest calculator in noncardiac vascular surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(4):421–429. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.05.029
  • Olsen VDR, Borges FK, Goldraich LA, et al. Limited predictive role of the revised cardiac risk index in kidney transplant: single center evaluation and comparison with international literature. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021;46(9):100908. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100908
  • Banco D, Dodson JA, Berger JS, Smilowitz NR. Perioperative cardiovascular outcomes among older adults undergoing in-hospital noncardiac surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(10):2821–2830. doi:10.1111/jgs.17320
  • Botto F, Alonso-Coello P, Chan MT, et al.; Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatioN (VISION) Writing Group, on behalf of The Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatioN (VISION) Investigators. Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a large, international, prospective cohort study establishing diagnostic criteria, characteristics, predictors, and 30-day outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(3):564–578.
  • Liu Z, Xu G, Xu L, Zhang Y, Huang Y. Perioperative cardiac complications in patients over 80 years of age with coronary artery disease undergoing noncardiac surgery: the incidence and risk factors. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1181–1191. doi:10.2147/CIA.S252160
  • Hansen PW, Gislason GH, Jørgensen ME, et al. Influence of age on perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality risks in elective non-cardiac surgery. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;35:55–59. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2016.05.028
  • Kumar R, McKinney WP, Raj G, et al. Adverse cardiac events after surgery: assessing risk in a veteran population. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(8):507–518. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016008507.x
  • Mullen MG, Michaels AD, Mehaffey JH, et al. Risk associated with complications and mortality after urgent surgery vs elective and emergency surgery: implications for defining “quality” and reporting outcomes for urgent surgery. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):768–774. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0918
  • Puelacher C, Lurati Buse G, Seeberger D, et al. Perioperative myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: incidence, mortality, and characterization. Circulation. 2018;137(12):1221–1232. PMID: 29203498. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030114
  • Rj G, te Boekhorst TP, Nuytinck JK, Gimbrère JS. Multiple-organ failure. Generalized autodestructive inflammation. Arch Surg. 1985;120(10):1109–1115. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390340007001
  • Nuytinck HK, Offermans XJ, Kubat K, Goris JA. Whole-body inflammation in trauma patients. An autopsy study. Arch Surg. 1988;123(12):1519–1524. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400360089016
  • Amar D, Zhang H, Park B, Heerdt PM, Fleisher M, Thaler HT. Inflammation and outcome after general thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32((3)):431–434. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.06.017
  • Hollenberg SM, Dellinger RP. Noncardiac surgery: postoperative arrhythmias. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(10 Suppl):N145–150. doi:10.1097/00003246-200010001-00006
  • Kahn RL, Hargett MJ, Urquhart B, Sharrock NE, Peterson MG. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias during total joint arthroplasty. Incidence and risk. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;265–269.
  • Aggarwal VK, Tischler EH, Post ZD, Kane I, Orozco FR, Ong A. Patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing total joint arthroplasty increase hospital burden. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(17):1606–1611. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00882
  • Kurtz SM, Lau EC, Ong KL, Adler EM, Kolisek FR, Manley MT. Which hospital and clinical factors drive 30- and 90-day readmission after TKA? J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(10):2099–2107. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.03.045
  • Wang CT, Chuang E, Yen DJ, Chuang TY, Muo CH, Kao CH. First-ever stroke following hip replacement surgeries: a large population-based survey. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46(11):931–939. doi:10.1111/eci.12678
  • Long G, Suqin S, Li G, Weihong Y, Zhenhu W. Impact of atrial fibrillation on postoperative outcomes after total knee arthroplasty-A retrospective study. J Orthop Sci. 2016;21(5):652–657. doi:10.1016/j.jos.2016.05.002
  • Gouda P, Wang X, Youngson E, McGillion M, Mamas MA, Graham MM. Beyond the revised cardiac risk index: validation of the hospital frailty risk score in non-cardiac surgery. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262322. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262322
  • Ahmad M, Mehta P, Reddivari AKR, Mungee S. Percutaneous coronary intervention. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2022.
  • Chacko L, Howard P, Rajkumar C, et al. Effects of percutaneous coronary intervention on death and myocardial infarction stratified by stable and unstable coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(2):e006363. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.006363
  • Leslie K, McIlroy D, Kasza J, et al. Neuraxial block and postoperative epidural analgesia: effects on outcomes in the POISE-2 trial†. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(1):100–112. doi:10.1093/bja/aev255
  • Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ. 2000;321(7275):1493. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7275.1493
  • Leslie K, Myles P, Devereaux P, et al. Neuraxial block, death and serious cardiovascular morbidity in the POISE trial. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(3):382–890. doi:10.1093/bja/aet120
  • Sazgary L, Puelacher C, Lurati Buse G, et al. Incidence of major adverse cardiac events following non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020;10(5):550–558. doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuaa008
  • Sabaté S, Mases A, Guilera N, et al. Incidence and predictors of major perioperative adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(6):879–890. doi:10.1093/bja/aer268
  • Ackland GL, Harris S, Ziabari Y, Grocott M, Mythen M; SOuRCe Investigators. Revised cardiac risk index and postoperative morbidity after elective orthopaedic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(6):744–752. doi:10.1093/bja/aeq245
  • Collins GS, Ogundimu EO, Altman DG. Sample size considerations for the external validation of a multivariable prognostic model: a resampling study. Stat Med. 2016;35:214–226. doi:10.1002/sim.6787
  • Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW, Eijkemans MJ, Habbema JD. Substantial effective sample sizes were required for external validation studies of predictive logistic regression models. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(5):475–483. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.06.017
  • Pavlou M, Qu C, Omar RZ, Seaman SR, Steyerberg EW. Estimation of required sample size for external validation of risk models for binary outcomes. Stat Methods Med Res. 2021;30(10):2187–2206. doi:10.1177/09622802211007522