Stem cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration: the past, present, and future

References

• FriedmanDSO’ColmainBJMuñozBEye Diseases Prevalence Research GroupPrevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United StatesArch Ophthalmol2004122456457215078675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VingerlingJRDielemansIHofmanAThe prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Rotterdam StudyOphthalmology199510222052107862408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KleinRKnudtsonMDLeeKEAge-period-cohort effect on the incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye StudyOphthalmology200811591460146718762073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KleinRKleinBELeeKEChanges in visual acuity in a population over a 15-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye StudyAm J Ophthalmol2006142453954917011842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParmeggianiFRomanoMRCostagliolaCMechanism of inflammation in age-related macular degenerationMediators Inflamm2012201254678623209345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research GroupA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8Arch Ophthalmol2001119101417143611594942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KawasakiHSuemoriHMizusekiKGeneration of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activityProc Natl Acad Sci U S A20029931580158511818560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarutaMSasaiYKawasakiHIn vitro and in vivo characterization of pigment epithelial cells differentiated from primate embryonic stem cellsInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20044531020102514985325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LundRDWangSKlimanskayaIHuman embryonic stem cell-derived cells rescue visual function in dystrophic RCS ratsCloning Stem Cells2006818919917009895
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KlimanskayaIHippJRezaiKADerivation and comparative assessment of retinal pigment epithelium from human embryonic stem cells using transcriptomicsCloning Stem Cells2004621724515671670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VaajasaariHIlmarinenTJuuti-UusitaloKToward the defined and xeno-free differentiation of functional human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cellsMol Vis20111755857521364903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangYSLuZYYuYDerivation, culture and retinal pigment epithelial differentiation of human embryonic stem cells using human fibroblast feeder cellsJ Assist Reprod Genet201229873574422661130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParkUCChoMSParkJHSubretinal transplantation of putative retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in rat retinal degeneration modelClin Exp Reprod Med201138421622122384445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MeyerJSShearerRLCapowskiEEModeling early retinal development with human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200910639166981670319706890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarrAJVuglerAAHikitaSTProtective effects of human iPS-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell transplantation in the retinal dystrophic ratPLoS One2009412e815219997644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuchholzDEHikitaSTRowlandTJDerivation of functional retinal pigmented epithelium from induced pluripotent stem cellsStem Cells200927102427243419658190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangCZhangJAoMCombination of retinal pigment epithelium cell-conditioned medium and photoreceptor outer segments stimulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward a functional retinal pigment epithelium cell phenotypeJ Cell Biochem2012113259059821948619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IkedaHOsakadaFWatanabeKGeneration of Rx+/Pax6+ neural retinal precursors from embryonic stem cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200510232113311133616076961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsakadaFIkedaHSasaiYTakahashiMStepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal cellsNat Protoc20094681182419444239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KamaoHMandaiMOkamotoSCharacterization of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell sheets aiming for clinical applicationStem Cell Reports20142220521824527394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrandlCZimmermannSJMilenkovicVMIn-depth characterization of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)Neuromolecular Med201416355156424801942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KokkinakiMSahibzadaNGolestanehNHuman induced pluripotent stem-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells exhibit ion transport, membrane potential, polarized vascular endothelial growth factor secretion, and gene expression pattern similar to native RPEStem Cells201129582583521480547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangKLiuGHYiFDirect conversion of human fibroblasts into retinal pigment epithelium-like cells by defined factorsProtein Cell201451485824474194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzSDHubschmanJPHeilwellGEmbryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary reportLancet2012379981771372022281388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del PrioreLVIshidaOJohnsonEWTriple immune suppression increases short-term survival of porcine fetal retinal pigment epithelium xenograftsInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20034494044405312939327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaiCCGourasPDioKLocal immunosuppression prolongs survival of RPE xenografts labeled by retroviral gene transferInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci200041103134314110967075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeSWangHMOgdenTERyanSJTransplantation of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium into rabbit subretinaGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol1993231127377428299983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SiqueiraRCVoltarelliJCMessiasAMPossible mechanisms of retinal function recovery with the use of cell therapy with bone marrow-derived stem cellsArq Bras Oftalmol201073547447921225138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XuWWangXXuGBasic fibroblast growth factor expression is implicated in mesenchymal stem cells response to light-induced retinal injuryCell Mol Neurobiol20133381171117924030359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XuWWangXXuGLight-induced retinal injury enhanced neurotrophins secretion and neurotrophic effect of mesenchymal stem cells in vitroArq Bras Oftalmol201376210511023828471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangLXuWXuGTransplantation of CX3CL1-expressing mesenchymal stem cells provides neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in a rat model of retinal degenerationOcul Immunol Inflamm201321427628523718544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuanYCuiLQuZSubretinal transplantation of rat MSCs and erythropoietin gene modified rat MSCs for protecting and rescuing degenerative retina in ratsCurr Mol Med20131391419143123971737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MachalinskaAKawaMPPius-SadowskaELong-term neuroprotective effects of NT-4-engineered mesenchymal stem cells injected intravitreally in a mouse model of acute retinal injuryInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci201354138292830524265016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParkHYKimJHSun KimHStem cell-based delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in the rat retinaBrain Res20121469102322750585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MachemerRSteinhorstUHRetinal separation, retinotomy, and macular relocation: II. A surgical approach for age-related macular degeneration?Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol1993231116356418258397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de JuanEJrLoewensteinABresslerNMAlexanderJTranslocation of the retina for management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization II: a preliminary report in humansAm J Ophthalmol199812556356469625547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaiJCLapoliceDJStinnettSSVisual outcomes following macular translocation with 360-degree peripheral retinectomyArch Ophthalmol2002120101317132412365910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TakeuchiKKachiSIwataEIshikawaKTerasakiHVisual function 5 years or more after macular translocation surgery for myopic choroidal neovascularisation and age-related macular degenerationEye (Lond)2012261516022173070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenFKPatelPJUppalGSTufailACoffeyPJDa CruzLLong-term outcomes following full macular translocation surgery in neovascular age-related macular degenerationBr J Ophthalmol201094101337174320494910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeliskenFVoelkerMSchwabeRFull macular translocation versus photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 1-year results of a prospective, controlled, randomized pilot trial (FMT-PDT)Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol200724581085109517219106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner-RadlerCIKrebsIGlittenbergCHuman retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation: outcome after autologous RPE-choroid sheet and RPE cell-suspension in a randomized clinical studyBr J Ophthalmol201195337037520610478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLarenREUppalGSBalagganKSAutologous transplantation of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology2007114356157017324698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoussenAMHeussenFMJoeresSAutologous translocation of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degenerationAm J Ophthalmol20061421173016815247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoussenAMHow complete is successful? “Autologous retinal pigment epithelium and choriod translocation in patients with exsudative age-related macular degeneration: a short-term follow-up” by Jan van Meurs and P.R. van BiesenGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol20032411296696714624301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BinderSKrebsIHilgersRDOutcome of transplantation of autologous retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration: a prospective trialInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci200445114151416015505069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VuglerACarrAJLawrenceJElucidating the phenomenon of HESC-derived RPE: anatomy of cell genesis, expansion and retinal transplantationExp Neurol2008214234736118926821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TezelTHDel PrioreLVKaplanHJReengineering of aged Bruch’s membrane to enhance retinal pigment epithelium repopulationInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20044593337334815326159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinMJMuotriAGageFVarkiAHuman embryonic stem cells express an immunogenic nonhuman sialic acidNat Med200511222823215685172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SakamotoNTsujiKMuulLMBovine apolipoprotein B-100 is a dominant immunogen in therapeutic cell populations cultured in fetal calf serum in mice and humansBlood2007110250150817395779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuBMalcuitCWangSLong-term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degenerationStem Cells2009272126213519521979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EirakuMTakataNIshibashiHSelf-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional cultureNature20114727341515621475194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuYCaridoMMeinhardtAThree-dimensional neuroepithelial culture from human embryonic stem cells and its use for quantitative conversion to retinal pigment epitheliumPLoS One201381e5455223358448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChoMYKimSJKuSYGeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells from human embryonic stem cell-derived spherical neural massesStem Cell Res20129210110922683799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LambaDAKarlMOWareCBEfficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200610334127691277416908856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IdelsonMAlperRObolenskyADirected differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional retinal pigment epithelium cellsCell Stem Cell20095439640819796620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SakamiSEtterPRehTAActivin signaling limits the competence for retinal regeneration from the pigmented epitheliumMech Dev20081251–210611618042353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuchholzDEPenningtonBOCrozeRHHinmanCRCoffeyPJCleggDORapid and efficient directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigmented epitheliumStem Cells Transl Med20132538439323599499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsakadaFJinZBHiramiYIn vitro differentiation of retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells by small-molecule inductionJ Cell Sci2009122173169317919671662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakahashiKYamanakaSInduction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factorsCell2006126466367616904174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YuJVodyanikMASmuga-OttoKInduced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cellsScience200731858581917192018029452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HiramiYOsakadaFTakahashiKGeneration of retinal cells from mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cellsNeurosci Lett2009458312613119379795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WestenskowPDMorenoSKKrohneTUUsing flow cytometry to compare the dynamics of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in iPS-derived RPE cellsInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci201253106282629022871841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrohneTUWestenskowPDKuriharaTGeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells from small molecules and OCT4 reprogrammed human induced pluripotent stem cellsStem Cells Transl Med2012129610922532929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuQFriedrichAMJohnsonLVCleggDOMemory in induced pluripotent stem cells: reprogrammed human retinal-pigmented epithelial cells show tendency for spontaneous redifferentiationStem Cells201028111981199120882530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RayaARodríguez-PizàIGuenecheaGDisease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anemia induced pluripotent stem cellsNature20094607251535919483674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GongLWuQSongBDifferentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate-injected ratsClin Experiment Ophthalmol200836766667118983552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TomitaMAdachiYYamadaHBone marrow-derived stem cells can differentiate into retinal cells in injured rat retinaStem Cells200220427928312110696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TropepeVColesBLChiassonBJRetinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eyeScience200028754602032203610720333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArutaCGiordanoFDe MarzoAIn vitro differentiation of retinal pigment epithelium from adult retinal stem cellsPigment Cell Melanoma Res201124123324021232026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CiceroSAJohnsonDReyntjensSCells previously identified as retinal stem cells are pigmented ciliary epithelial cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2009106166685669019346468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernardosRLBarthelLKMeyersJRLate-stage neuronal progenitors in the retina are radial Müller glia that function as retinal stem cellsJ Neurosci200727267028704017596452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SongWTZhangXYXiaXBAtoh7 promotes the differentiation of retinal stem cells derived from Müller cells into retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting Notch signalingStem Cell Res Ther2013449423945288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChandaSAngCEDavilaJGeneration of induced neuronal cells by the single reprogramming factor ASCL1Stem Cell Reports20143228229625254342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KarowMSchichorCBeckervordersandforthRBerningerBLineage-reprogramming of pericyte-derived cells of the adult human brain into induced neuronsJ Vis Exp201487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WapinskiOLVierbuchenTQuKHierarchical mechanisms for direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to neuronsCell2013155362163524243019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakasatoMVanslambrouckJMLittleMHReprogramming somatic cells to a kidney fateSemin Nephrol201434446248025217274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavelti-WederCLiWWeirGCZhouQDirect lineage conversion of pancreatic exocrine to endocrine beta cells in vivo with defined factorsMethods Mol Biol2014115024726224744004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HuangPZhangLGaoYDirect reprogramming of human fibroblasts to functional and expandable hepatocytesCell Stem Cell201414337038424582927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangNZucheroJBAhleniusHGeneration of oligodendroglial cells by direct lineage conversionNat Biotechnol201331543443923584610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• InoueYIriyamaAUenoSSubretinal transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells delays retinal degeneration in the RCS rat model of retinal degenerationExp Eye Res200785223424117570362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangYWangWEffects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on light-damaged retinaInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20105173742374820207980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangSLuBGirmanSNoninvasive stem cell therapy in a rat model for retinal degeneration and vascular pathologyPLoS One201052e920020169166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OtaniADorrellMIKinderKRescue of retinal degeneration by intravitreally injected adult bone marrow-derived lineage-negative hematopoietic stem cellsJ Clin Invest2004114676577415372100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArnholdSAbsengerYKleinHTransplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescue photoreceptor cells in the dystrophic retina of the rhodopsin knockout mouseGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2007245314422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HillAJZwartITamHHHuman umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells do not differentiate into neural cell types or integrate into the retina after intravitreal grafting in neonatal ratsStem Cells Dev200918339940918665766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TzameretASherIBelkinMTransplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as a thin subretinal layer ameliorates retinal degeneration in a rat model of retinal dystrophyExp Eye Res201411813514424239509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levkovitch-VerbinHSadanOVanderSIntravitreal injections of neurotrophic factors secreting mesenchymal stem cells are neuroprotective in rat eyes following optic nerve transectionInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci201051126394640020926814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumarAPahwaVKTandonRKumarLMohantySUse of autologous bone marrow derived stem cells for rehabilitation of patients with dry age related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa: Phase-1 clinical trialIndian J Med Paediatr Oncol200526Suppl 31214
   Google Scholar
• JonasJBWitzens-HarigMArsenievLIntravitreal autologous bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cell transplantationActa Ophthalmol2010884e131e13219604156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SiqueiraRCMessiasAVoltarelliJCIntravitreal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells for hereditary retinal dystrophy: a Phase I trialRetina20113161207121421293313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TezelTHKaplanHJDel PrioreLVFate of human retinal pigment epithelial cells seeded onto layers of human Bruch’s membraneInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci1999404674769950607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del PrioreLVTezelTHReattachment rate of human retinal pigment epithelium to layers of human Bruch’s membraneArch Ophthalmol19981163353419514487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GullapalliVKSuginoIKVan PattenYRetinal pigment epithelium resurfacing of aged submacular human Bruch’s membraneTrans Am Ophthalmol Soc2004102123137 discussion 137–13815747751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SunKCaiHTezelTHBruch’s membrane aging decreases phagocytosis of outer segments by retinal pigment epitheliumMol Vis2007132310231918199972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AfshariFTKwokJCAndrewsMRIntegrin activation or alpha 9 expression allows retinal pigmented epithelial cell adhesion on Bruch’s membrane in wet age-related macular degenerationBrain201013344846420159768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AfshariFTFawcettJWImproving RPE adhesion to Bruch’s membraneEye200923101890189319151642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FangIMYangCHYangCMChenMSOverexpression of integrin alpha6 and beta4 enhances adhesion and proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells on layers of porcine Bruch’s membraneExp Eye Res200988122118955047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar