Sarcopenic obesity and complex interventions with nutrition and exercise in community-dwelling older persons – a narrative review

References

• Cruz-JentoftABaeyensJPBauerJMSarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older PeopleAge Ageing201039441242320392703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CederholmTEBauerJMBoirieYSchneiderSMSieberCCRollandYToward a definition of sarcopeniaClin Geriatr Med201127334135321824551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FieldingRAVellasBEvansWJSarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopeniaJ Am Med Dir Assoc201112424925621527165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoodpasterBHCarlsonCLVisserMAttenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: the Health ABC StudyJ Appl Physiol20019062157216511356778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MasanesFCullaANavarro-GonzalezMPrevalence of sarcopenia in healthy community-dwelling elderly in an urban area of Barcelona (Spain)J Nutr Health Aging201216218418722323356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmiguesISchottAMAmineMLow skeletal muscle mass and risk of functional decline in elderly community-dwelling women: the prospective EPIDOS studyJ Am Med Dir Assoc201314535235723333310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JanssenIShepardDSKatzmarzykPTRoubenoffRThe healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United StatesJ Am Geriatr Soc2004521808514687319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaumgartnerRNWayneSJWatersDLJanssenIGallagherDMorleyJESarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderlyObes Res200412121995200415687401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JanssenIInfluence of sarcopenia on the development of physical disability: the Cardiovascular Health StudyJ Am Geriatr Soc2006541566216420198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaslamDUnderstanding obesity in the older person: prevalence and risk factorsBr J Community Nur2008133115116118120112
   Google Scholar
• RollandYLauwers-CancesVCristiniCDifficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l’OSteoporose) StudyAm J Clin Nutr20098961895190019369381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanTSTajarALeanMEObesity and weight management in the elderlyBr Med Bull20119716919621325341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HimesCLReynoldsSLEffect of obesity on falls, injury, and disabilityJ Am Geriatr Soc201260112412922150343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoustonDKDingJNicklasBJOverweight and obesity over the adult life course and incident mobility limitation in older adults: the health, aging and body composition studyAm J Epidemiol2009169892793619270048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathus-VliegenEMObesity and the elderlyJ Clin Gastroenterol201246753354422772735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RejeskiWJMarshAPChmeloERejeskiJJObesity, intentional weight loss and physical disability in older adultsObes Rev201011967168519922431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StenholmSHarrisTBRantanenTVisserMKritchevskySBFerrucciLSarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequencesCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care200811669370018827572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DornerTERiederAObesity paradox in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseasesInt J Cardiol20121551566521345498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BanackHRKaufmanJSThe obesity paradox: understanding the effect of obesity on mortality among individuals with cardiovascular diseasePrev Med2014629610224525165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CetinDCNasrGObesity in the elderly: more complicated than you thinkCleve Clin J Med2014811516124391107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al SnihSOttenbacherKJMarkidesKSKuoYFEschbachKGoodwinJSThe effect of obesity on disability vs mortality in older AmericansArch Intern Med2007167877478017452539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VillarealDTApovianCMKushnerRFObesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity SocietyObes Res200513111849186316339115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BouchonvilleMFVillarealDTSarcopenic obesity: how do we treat it?Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes201320541241923974769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PradoCMWellsJCSmithSRStephanBCSiervoMSarcopenic obesity: a critical appraisal of the current evidenceClin Nutr201231558360122809635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PradoCMSiervoMMireEA population-based approach to define body-composition phenotypesAm J Clin Nutr20149961369137724760978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BatsisJAMackenzieTABarreLKLopez-JimenezFBartelsSJSarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IIIEur J Clin Nutr20146891001100724961545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KobRBollheimerLCBertschTSarcopenic obesity: molecular clues to a better understanding of its pathogenesis?Biogerontology2015161152910.1007/s10522-014-9539-725376109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AtkinsJLWhincupPHMorrisRWLennonLTPapacostaOWannametheeSGSarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older menJ Am Geriatr Soc201462225326024428349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BatsisJABarreLKMackenzieTAVariation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004J Am Geriatr Soc201361697498023647372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOObesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic Report of a WHO ConsultationGeneva, SwitzerlandWHO2000
   Google Scholar
• PoggiogalleEMigliaccioSLenziADoniniLMTreatment of body composition changes in obese and overweight older adults: insight into the phenotype of sarcopenic obesityEndocrine201447369971624952725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenbergIHSarcopenia: origins and clinical relevanceJ Nutr19971275 Suppl990S991S9164280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurtonLASumukadasDOptimal management of sarcopeniaClin Interv Aging2010521722820852669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CederholmTMorleyJESarcopenia: the new definitionsCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care20141811410.1097/MCO.000000000000011925207791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DamTTPetersKWFragalaMAn evidence-based comparison of operational criteria for the presence of sarcopeniaJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci201469558459024737561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MariniEBuffaRSaragatBThe potential of classic and specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis for the assessment of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesityClin Interv Aging2012758559123269864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter StarrKNMcDonaldSRBalesCWObesity and physical frailty in older adults: a scoping review of lifestyle intervention trialsJ Am Med Dir Assoc201415424025024445063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaspersenCJPowellKEChristensonGMPhysical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions of health-related researchPublic Health Rep198510021261313920711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOGlobal Recommendations on Physical Activity for HealthGeneva, SwitzerlandWHO Press2010
   Google Scholar
• Montero-FernandezNSerra-RexachJARole of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderlyEur J Phys Rehabil Med201349113114323575207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeinheimerEMSandsLPCampbellWWA systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesityNutr Rev201068737538820591106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetersonMDSenAGordonPMInfluence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysisMed Sci Sports Exerc201143224925820543750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CraigPDieppePMacintyreSMichieSNazarethIPetticrewMDeveloping and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidanceBMJ2008337a165518824488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TinettiMEMendes de LeonCFDoucetteJTBakerDIFear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living eldersJ Gerontol Med Sci1994493M140M147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BioloGCederholmTMuscaritoliMMuscle contractile and metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of sarcopenia of aging and chronic diseases: from sarcopenic obesity to cachexiaClin Nutr201433573774824785098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WelchAANutritional influences on age-related skeletal muscle lossProc Nutr Soc2014731163324229650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalafarinaVUriz-OtanoFIniestaRGil-GuerreroLEffectiveness of nutritional supplementation on muscle mass in treatment of sarcopenia in old age: a systematic reviewJ Am Geriatr Soc20131411017
   Google Scholar
• MalafarinaVÚriz-OtanoFIniestaRGil-GuerreroLSarcopenia in the elderly: diagnosis, physiopathology and treatmentMaturitas201271210911422153348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillwardDJNutrition and sarcopenia: evidence for an interactionProc Nutr Soc201271456657522429879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BannDKuhDWillsAKAdamsJBrageSCooperRPhysical activity across adulthood in relation to fat and lean body mass in early old age: findings from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, 1946–2010Am J Epidemiol2014179101197120724722997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GianoudisJBaileyCADalyRMAssociations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adultsOsteoporosis Int2015262571579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SpeakmanJRWesterterpKRAssociations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of ageAm J Clin Nutr201092482683420810973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CooperJAManiniTMPatonCMLongitudinal change in energy expenditure and effects on energy requirements of the elderlyNutr J20131217323742706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DarmonPIntentional weight loss in older adults: useful or wasting disease generating strategy?Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care201316328428923429407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FitzpatrickALKullerLHLopezOLMidlife and late-life obesity and the risk of dementia: cardiovascular health studyArch Neurol200966333634219273752
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ParrEBCoffeyVGHawleyJA‘Sarcobesity’: a metabolic conundrumMaturitas201374210911323201324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatersDLWardALVillarealDTWeight loss in obese adults 65years and older: a review of the controversyExp Gerontol201348101054106123403042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoharaKSarcopenic obesity in aging population: current status and future directions for researchEndocrine2013451152523821364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathus-VliegenEMPrevalence, pathophysiology, health consequences and treatment options of obesity in the elderly: a guidelineObes Facts20125346048322797374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VolkertDThe role of nutrition in the prevention of sarcopeniaWien Med Wochenschr201116117–1840941521792524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RobinsonSCooperCAihie SayerANutrition and sarcopenia: a review of the evidence and implications for preventive strategiesJ Aging Res2012201251080122506112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHOProtein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human NutritionWHO Technical Report SeriesGeneva SwitzerlandWHO2007
   Google Scholar
• Paddon-JonesDLeidyHDietary protein and muscle in older personsCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care201417151124310053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BauerJBioloGCederholmTEvidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study GroupJ Am Med Dir Assoc201314854255923867520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeasleyJMShikanyJMThomsonCAThe role of dietary protein intake in the prevention of sarcopenia of agingNutr Clin Pract201328668469024163319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoirieYPhysiopathological mechanism of sarcopeniaJ Nutr Health Aging200913871772319657556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DillonELNutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in agingAmino Acids201345343144123239011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeutzNEBauerJMBarazzoniProtein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert GroupClin Nutr201433692993624814383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BauerJMDiekmannRProtein supplementation with agingCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care2015181243110.1097/MCO.000000000000012425474010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DideriksenKReitelsederSHolmLInfluence of amino acids, dietary protein, and physical activity on muscle mass development in humansNutrients20135385287623486194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoirieYMorioBCaumonECanoNJNutrition and protein energy homeostasis in elderlyMech Ageing Dev20141361377684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VolkertDBauerJMFrühwaldTLeitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE und der DGG: Klinische Ernährung in der Geriatrie. Teil des laufenden S3-Leitlinienprojekts Klinische ErnährungAktuel Ernahrungsmed201338e31e48
   Google Scholar
• MorleyJEArgilesJMEvansWJNutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopeniaJ Am Med Dir Assoc201011639139620627179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FukagawaNKProtein and amino acid supplementation in older humansAmino Acids20134461493150923563921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonkerREngelenMPDeutzNERole of specific dietary amino acids in clinical conditionsBr J Nutr2012108Suppl 2S139S14823107525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoirieYGachonPBeaufrereBSplanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics in young and elderly menAm J Clin Nutr19976524894959022534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DanginMGuilletCGarcia-RodenasCThe rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humansJ Physiol2003549Pt 263564412665610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimballSRJeffersonLSRegulation of protein synthesis by branched-chain amino acidsCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care200141394311122558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FujitaSVolpiEAmino acids and muscle loss with agingJ Nutr20061361277s280s16365098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PenningsBBoirieYSendenJMGijsenAPKuipersHvan LoonLJWhey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older menAm J Clin Nutr2011935997100521367943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TielandMDirksMLvan der ZwaluwNProtein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Am Med Dir Assoc201213871371922770932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CegliaLVitamin D and its role in skeletal muscleCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care200912662863319770647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoustonDKToozeJAHausmanDBChange in 25-hydroxyvitamin D nd physical performance in older adultsJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci201166443043621325343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-FerrariHVitamin D: what is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary?Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol200923678979519945690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CiprianiCPepeJPiemonteSColangeloLCilliMMinisolaSVitamin D and its relationship with obesity and muscleInt J Endocrinol2014201484124825161666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MithalABonjourJPBoonenSImpact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adultsOsteoporosis Int201324515551566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForbesSCLittleJPCandowDGExercise and nutritional interventions for improving aging muscle healthEndocrine2012421293822527891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-JentoftAJLandiFSchneiderSMPrevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS)Age Ageing201443674875925241753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VillarealDTChodeSParimiNWeight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adultsN Engl J Med2011364131218122921449785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BreenLStewartCEOnambéléGLFunctional benefits of combined resistance training with nutritional interventions in older adults: a reviewGeriatr Gerontol Int200774326340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CampbellWWLeidyHJDietary protein and resistance training effects on muscle and body composition in older personsJ Am Nutr2007266696S703S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CermakNMResPTde GrootLCSarisWHvan LoonLJProtein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr20129661454146423134885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EvansWJProtein nutrition, exercise and agingJ Am Nutr2004236 Suppl601S609S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PedersenANCederholmTHealth effects of protein intake in healthy elderly populations: a systematic literature reviewFood Nutr Res20145823364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DalyRMRosengrenBEAlwisGAhlborgHGSernboIKarlssonMKGender specific age-related changes in bone density, muscle strength and functional performance in the elderly: a-10 year prospective population-based studyBMC Geriatr20131317123829776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuCLathamNKProgressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev20093CD00275919588334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PillardFLaoudj-ChenivesseDCarnacGPhysical activity and sarcopeniaClin Geriatr Med201127344947021824557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReidKFFieldingRASkeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adultsExerc Sport Sci Rev201240141222016147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeanJFLeveilleSGKielyDKBandinelliSGuralnikJMFerrucciLA Comparison of leg power and leg strength within the InCHIANTI study: which influences mobility more?J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci2003588M728M733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HazellTKennoKJakobiJFunctional benefit of power training for older adultsJ Aging Phys Act200715334935917724399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PorterMMPower training for older adultsAppl Physiol Nutr Metab2006312879416604125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert-Koch-InstitutSportliche Aktivität Wie aktiv sind die DeutschenBerlin, GermanyRKI2012
   Google Scholar
• KemmlerWvon StengelSAlternative exercise technologies to fight against sarcopenia at old age: a series of studies and reviewJ Aging Res2012201210901322500224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KaedingTSSarkopenie und Vibrationstraining: Eine UbersichtZ Gerontol Geriatr2009422889218726053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitja-RabertMRigauDFort VanmeerghaegheARomero-RodriguezDBonastre SubiranaMBonfillXEfficacy of whole body vibration exercise in older people: a systematic reviewDisabil Rehabil2012341188389322225483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KemmlerWBirlaufAvon StengelSEinfluss von Ganzkörper-Elektromyostimulation auf das Metabolische Syndrom bei älteren Männern mit metabolischem SyndromDtsch Z Sportmed2010615117123
   Google Scholar
• KemmlerWvon StengelSEngelkeKHaberleLMayhewJLKalenderWAExercise, body composition, and functional ability: a randomized controlled trialAm Prev Med2010383279287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KemmlerWvon StengelSWhole-body electromyostimulation as a means to impact muscle mass and abdominal body fat in lean, sedentary, older female adults: subanalysis of the TEST-III trialClin Interv Aging201381353136424130433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KemmlerWBebenekMEngelkeKvon StengelSImpact of whole-body electromyostimulation on body composition in elderly women at risk for sarcopenia: the Training and ElectroStimulation Trial (TEST-III)Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)2014361395406
   Google Scholar
• KomarBSchwingshacklLHoffmannGEffects of leucine-rich protein supplements on anthropometric parameter and muscle strength in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Nutr Health Aging201419443744625809808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MilneACPotterJVivantiAAvenellAProtein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutritionCochrane Database Syst Rev20092CD00328819370584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CawoodALEliaMStrattonRJSystematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplementsAgeing Res Rev201211227829622212388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TielandMVan de RestODirksMLProtein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Am Med Dir Assoc201213872072622889730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimCOLeeKRPreventive effect of protein-energy supplementation on the functional decline of frail older adults with low socioeconomic status: a community-based randomized controlled studyJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci201368330931622879453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleman-MateoHMaciasLEsparza-RomeroJAstiazaran-GarciaHBlancasALPhysiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein-rich foodClin Interv Aging2012722523422866000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnnweilerCSchottAMBerrutGFantinoBBeauchetOVitamin D-related changes in physical performance: a systematic reviewJ Nutr Health Aging2009131089389819924350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StocktonKAMengersenKParatzJDKandiahDBennellKLEffect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysisOsteoporos Int201122385987120924748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MuirSWMontero-OdassoMEffect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Am Geriatr Soc201159122291230022188076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerlaanSBauerJMSieberCCederholmTMuscle mass, strength, and function effects of a high-whey, leucine-enriched nutritional intervention in sarcopenic elderly in a double blind, randomised controlled trialEur Geriatr Med20145Suppl 1S75
   Google Scholar
• MillerCTFraserSFLevingerIThe effects of exercise training in addition to energy restriction on functional capacities and body composition in obese adults during weight loss: a systematic reviewPLoS One2013811e8169224409219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WithamMDAvenellAInterventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysisAge Ageing201039217618420083615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTigueKMHessRZiourasJObesity in older adults: a systematic review of the evidence for diagnosis and treatmentObesity20061491485149717030958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FelixHCWestDSEffectiveness of weight loss interventions for obese older adultsAm J Health Promot201327319119923286596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DonnellyJEBlairSNJakicicJMManoreMMRankinJWSmithBKAmerican College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adultsMed Sci Sports Exerc200941245947119127177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JakicicJMPhysical activity and weight lossNestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser201273213623128763
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SwiftDLJohannsenNMLavieCJEarnestCPChurchTSThe role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenanceProg Cardiovasc Dis201456444144724438736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwingshacklLDiasSHoffmannGImpact of long-term lifestyle programmes on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight/obese participants: a systematic review and network meta-analysisSyst Rev2014313025358395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BocaliniDSEffects of circuit-based exercise programs on the body composition of elderly obese womenClin Interv Aging2012755155623271901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WycherleyTPMoranLJCliftonPMNoakesMBrinkworthGDEffects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr20129661281129823097268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VincentHKRaiserSNVincentKRThe aging musculoskeletal system and obesity-related considerations with exerciseAgeing Res Rev201211336137322440321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VillarealDTBanksMSinacoreDRSienerCKleinSEffect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adultsArch Intern Med2006166886086616636211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GillTMGahbauerEALinHHanLAlloreHGComparisons between older men and women in the trajectory and burden of disability over the course of nearly 14 yearsJ Am Med Dir Assoc201314428028623294968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatersDLVawterRQuallsCChodeSArmamento-VillarealRVillarealDTLong-term maintenance of weight loss after lifestyle intervention in frail, obese older adultsJ Nutr Health Aging20131713723299370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FletcherPCGuthrieDMBergKHirdesJPRisk factors for restriction in activity associated with fear of falling among seniors within the communityJ Patient Saf20106318719121491793
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeshpandeNMetterEJLauretaniFBandinelliSGuralnikJFerrucciLActivity restriction induced by fear of falling and objective and subjective measures of physical function: a prospective cohort studyJ Am Geriatr Soc200856461562018312314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SallinenJLeinonenRHirvensaloMLyyraTMHeikkinenERantanenTPerceived constraints on physical exercise among obese and non-obese older peoplePrev Med200949650651019833148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AzizanAJustineMKuanCSEffects of a behavioral program on exercise adherence and exercise self-efficacy in community-dwelling older personsCurr Gerontol Geriatr Res2013201328231510.1155/2013/28231524489539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YardleyLDonovan-HallMFrancisKToddCAttitudes and beliefs that predict older people’s intention to undertake strength and balance trainingJ Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci2007622P119P12517379672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar