Do Gestational Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Have an Independent Effect on Neonatal Adiposity? Results of Mediation Analysis from a Cohort Study in South India

References

• Lynch C, Sexton D, Hession M, Morrison JJ. Obesity and mode of delivery in primigravid and multigravid women. Am J Perinatol. 2008;25(3):163–167. doi:10.1055/s-2008-106149618300188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boo HA, Harding JE. The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis. Aust N Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;46(1):4–14. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00506.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Xu X, Yan Y. Estimated global overweight and obesity burden in pregnant women based on panel data model. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.020218330092099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. WHO Global Infobase; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker RC. Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):e29–e36. doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.e2915231970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg HM, Mercer BM, Catalano PM. The influence of obesity and diabetes on the prevalence of macrosomia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(3):964–968. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.05.05215467573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu SY, Kim SY, Lau J, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of stillbirth: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(3):223–228. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.03.02717826400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth CV, Wen SW, editors. Trends in fetal growth among singleton gestations in the United States and Canada, 1985 through 1998. In: Seminars in perinatology; 2002: Elsevier. doi:10.1053/sper.2002.34772
   Google Scholar
• Ørskou J, Kesmodel U, Henriksen TB, Secher NJ. An increasing proportion of infants weigh more than 4000 grams at birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80(10):931–936. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.801010.x11580738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surkan PJ, Hsieh -C-C, Johansson AL, Dickman PW, Cnattingius S. Reasons for increasing trends in large for gestational age births. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(4):720–726. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000141442.59573.cd15458892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano P, Ehrenberg H. The short‐and long‐term implications of maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring. BJOG. 2006;113(10):1126–1133. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00989.x16827826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radaelli T, Varastehpour A, Catalano P, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Gestational diabetes induces placental genes for chronic stress and inflammatory pathways. Diabetes. 2003;52(12):2951–2958. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.12.295114633856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federation ID. The IDF approach for care and management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Report; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Miao M, Dai M, Zhang Y, Sun F, Guo X, Sun G. Influence of maternal overweight, obesity and gestational weight gain on the perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):305. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00441-z28331199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuane JT, Grlj L, Peek MJ. Obesity, gestational diabetes and macrosomia are associated with increasing rates of early‐term induction of labour at The Canberra Hospital. Aust N Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59(2):215–220. doi:10.1111/ajo.2019.59.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedderson MM, Ferrara A, Sacks DA. Gestational diabetes mellitus and lesser degrees of pregnancy hyperglycemia: association with increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(4):850–856.14551018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogev Y, Most O, Langer O. Gestational diabetes mellitus: is their a risk for perinatal mortality? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(6):S51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohr EA, Bech BH, Davies MJ, Frydenberg M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Prepregnancy obesity and fetal death: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(2):250–259. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000172422.81496.5716055572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauszus F, Paludan J, Klebe J. Birthweight in women with potential gestational diabetes mellitus-an effect of obesity rather than glucose intolerance? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999;78(6):520–525. doi:10.1080/j.1600-0412.1999.780608.x10376862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hod M, Rabinerson D, Kaplan B, et al. Perinatal complications following gestational diabetes mellitus how ‘sweet’is ill? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1996;75(9):809–815. doi:10.3109/000163496090547088931504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Kim SY, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(8):2070–2076. doi:10.2337/dc06-2559a17416786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano PM, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Amini SB. Increased fetal adiposity: a very sensitive marker of abnormal in utero development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(6):1698–1704. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(03)00828-714710101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman S, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Maternal gestational diabetes, birth weight, and adolescent obesity. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):e221–e6. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.e22112612275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell MF, Huston-Presley L, Super DM, Catalano P. Increased neonatal fat mass, not lean body mass, is associated with maternal obesity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):1100–1103. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.01416875645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull HR, Dinger MK, Knehans AW, Thompson DM, Fields DA. Impact of maternal body mass index on neonate birthweight and body composition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(4):416. e1-. e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.10.796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poprzeczny AJ, Louise J, Deussen AR, Dodd JM. The mediating effects of gestational diabetes on fetal growth and adiposity in women who are overweight and obese: secondary analysis of the LIMIT randomised trial. BJOG. 2018;125(12):1558–1566. doi:10.1111/bjo.2018.125.issue-1229782075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano PM, McIntyre HD, Cruickshank JK, et al. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):780–786. doi:10.2337/dc11-179022357187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedderson MM, Williams MA, Holt VL, Weiss NS, Ferrara A. Body mass index and weight gain prior to pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(4):409e1–e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.09.02818068138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciences IIoP. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16 India; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Babu GR, Murthy G, Deepa R, et al. Maternal antecedents of adiposity and studying the transgenerational role of hyperglycemia and insulin (MAASTHI): a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):311. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1088-427741952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharathi AV, Kuriyan R, Kurpad AV, et al. Assessment of physical activity using accelerometry, an activity diary, the heart rate method and the Indian migration study questionnaire in south Indian adults. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(1):47–53. doi:10.1017/S136898000900585019656418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastakia SD, Njuguna B, Ajwang’Onyango B, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus based on various screening strategies in western Kenya: a prospective comparison of point of care diagnostic methods. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):226. doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1415-428705184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes IAo, Panel PSGC. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):676–682.20190296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar VS, Jeyaseelan L, Sebastian T, Regi A, Mathew J, Jose R. New birth weight reference standards customised to birth order and sex of babies from South India. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13(1):38. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-3823409828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu GR, Murthy G, Reddy Y, et al. Small for gestational age babies and depressive symptoms of mothers during pregnancy: results from a birth cohort in India. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;3.30906879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cypryk K, Szymczak W, Czupryniak L, Sobczak M, Lewiński A. Gestational diabetes mellitus-an analysis of risk factors. Endokrynol Pol. 2008;59(5):393–397.18979449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kale SD, Kulkarni S, Lubree H, et al. Characteristics of gestational diabetic mothers and their babies in an Indian diabetes clinic. JAPI. 2005;53.
   Google Scholar
• Arora GP, Thaman RG, Prasad RB, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes in Punjab, North India: results from a population screening program. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(2):257–267. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-042826012589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Yan Y, Xiang S, et al. The mutual effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index, waist circumference and gestational weight gain on obesity-related adverse pregnancy outcomes: a birth cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(6):e0177418. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.017741828575041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrod CS, Chasan-Taber L, Reynolds RM, et al. Physical activity in pregnancy and neonatal body composition: the Healthy Start study. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(2 0 1):257. doi:10.1097/AOG.000000000000037325004346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye TD, Knox KL, Artal R, Aubry RH, Wojtowycz MA. Physical activity, obesity, and diabetes in pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(11):961–965. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a0092239400338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittinghoff E, Sen Ś, McCulloch C. Sample size calculations for evaluating mediation. Stat Med. 2009;28(4):541–557. doi:10.1002/sim.349119065627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midi H, Sarkar SK, Rana S. Collinearity diagnostics of binary logistic regression model. J Interdiscipl Mathematics. 2010;13(3):253–267. doi:10.1080/09720502.2010.10700699
   Google Scholar
• VanderWeele TJ, Vansteelandt S. Odds ratios for mediation analysis for a dichotomous outcome. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(12):1339–1348. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq33221036955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley R, Liu H PARAMED: Stata module to perform causal mediation analysis using parametric regression models; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.11733806354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(5):242–245. doi:10.1056/NEJM1983020330805026848933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, et al. Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes. 1991;40(Supplement 2):121–125. doi:10.2337/diab.40.2.S1211748240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker PR II, Shapiro AL, Becky A, et al. Maternal obesity and increased neonatal adiposity correspond with altered infant mesenchymal stem cell metabolism. JCI Insight. 2017;2:21. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.94200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starling AP, Brinton JT, Glueck DH, et al. Associations of maternal BMI and gestational weight gain with neonatal adiposity in the Healthy Start study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;101(2):302–309. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.09494625646327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser A, Lawlor DA. Long-term health outcomes in offspring born to women with diabetes in pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14(5):489. doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0489-x24664798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterland RA, Garza C. Potential mechanisms of metabolic imprinting that lead to chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(2):179–197. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.2.1799989679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav S, Arokiasamy P. Understanding epidemiological transition in India. Glob Health Action. 2014;7(1):23248. doi:10.3402/gha.v7.2324824848651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welfare. MHDMoHaF. Government of India National Guidelines for Diagnosis & Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Babu GR, Tejaswi B, Kalavathi M, et al. Assessment of screening practices for gestational hyperglycaemia in public health facilities: a descriptive study in Bangalore, India. J Public Health Res. 2015;4:1. doi:10.4081/jphr.2015.448
   Google Scholar
• Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2477–2486. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa04297315951574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavadharini B, Mahalakshmi MM, Maheswari K, et al. Use of capillary blood glucose for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in resource-constrained settings. Acta Diabetol. 2016;53(1):91–97. doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0761-925916215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano PM. Obesity and Pregnancy—The Propagation of a Viscous Cycle? Oxford University Press; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Arisoy AE, Sarman G. Chest and mid-arm circumferences: identification of low birth weight newborns in Turkey. J Trop Pediatr. 1995;41(1):34–37. doi:10.1093/tropej/41.1.347723127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thi HN, Khanh DKT, Thu HLT, Thomas EG, Lee KJ, Russell FM. Foot length, chest circumference, and mid upper arm circumference are good predictors of low birth weight and prematurity in ethnic minority newborns in Vietnam: a hospital-based observational study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014242026555356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto E. Meta-analysis: identification of low birthweight by other anthropometric measurements at birth in developing countries. J Epidemiol. 2011;21(5):354–362. doi:10.2188/jea.JE2010018221768738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaput JP, Katzmarzyk P, Barnes J, et al. Mid‐upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying children with obesity: a 12‐country study. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12(6):439–445. doi:10.1111/ijpo.1216227238202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig E, Bland R, Ndirangu J, Reilly J. Use of mid-upper arm circumference for determining overweight and overfatness in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(8):763–766. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-30513724890851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Q, Wang R, Lou D-H, Ma C-M, Liu X-L, Yin F-Z. Mid-upper-arm circumference and arm-to-height ratio in evaluation of overweight and obesity in Han children. Pediat Neonatol. 2014;55(1):14–19. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal M, Bansal R, Agarwal A. Role of mid-upper arm circumference for determining overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):SC05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/24731.9963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazıcıoğlu MM, Hatipoğlu N, Öztürk A, Çiçek B, Üstünbaş HB, Kurtoğlu S. Waist circumference and mid− upper arm circumference in evaluation of obesity in children aged between 6 and 17 years. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010;2(4):144. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.v2i4.14421274313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan HC, Roberts J, Catov J, Krishnamurthy R, Shypailo R, Bacha F. Mother’s pre‐pregnancy BMI is an important determinant of adverse cardiometabolic risk in childhood. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16(6):419–426. doi:10.1111/pedi.2015.16.issue-625800542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira DLS, Williams DM, Kangas AJ, et al. Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring metabolic profile: analyses of 3 European prospective birth cohorts. PLoS Med. 2017;14(8):e1002376. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100237628829768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundholm JK, Litwin L, Rönö K, Koivusalo SB, Eriksson JG, Sarkola T. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes: impact on arterial wall layer thickness and stiffness in early childhood-RADIEL study six-year follow-up. Atherosclerosis. 2019;284:237–244. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.03730819513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar