Nordic Health Registry-Based Research: A Review of Health Care Systems and Key Registries

References

• Stephansson O, Kieler H, Haglund B, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth and infant mortality. JAMA. 2013;309(1):48–54. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.15381223280224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieler H, Artama M, Engeland A, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn: population based cohort study from the five Nordic countries. BMJ. 2012;344:d8012.22240235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman BT, Heide-Jørgensen U, Einarsdóttir K, et al. β-blocker use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations: an international cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(10):665–673.30326014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daltveit DS, Klungsøyr K, Engeland A, et al. Cancer risk in individuals with major birth defects: large Nordic population based case-control study among children, adolescents, and adults. BMJ. 2020;371:m4060.33268348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olén O, Erichsen R, Sachs MC, et al. Colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10218):123–131.31929014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olén O, Erichsen R, Sachs MC, et al. Colorectal cancer in Crohn’s disease: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):475–484.32066530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Adelborg K, et al. The Danish health care system and epidemiological research: from health care contacts to database records. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:563–591.31372058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. Spesialisthelsetjenesten. Available from: https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/06922/. Accessed 224, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Statista. Number of hospital beds in Sweden from 2000 to 2018. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/557358/hospital-beds-in-sweden/. Accessed 304, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• HealthManagement.org. Overview of the Healthcare Systems in the Nordic Countries Available from: https://healthmanagement.org/c/cardio/issuearticle/overview-of-the-healthcare-systems-in-the-nordic-countries. Accessed 505, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Anell A, Glenngård AH, Merkur S. Sweden health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2012;14(5):1–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sperre Saunes IKM, Sagan A. Norway: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Keskimäki ITL, Reissell E, Koivusalo M, et al. Finland: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Sigurgeirsdóttir SWJ, Maresso A. Iceland: health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2014;6(16):1–182.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Population, total - Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SE-DK-FI-IS-NO. Accessed 1220, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Finland. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=SE-IS-NO-DK-FI. Accessed 1220, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Life expectancy at birth, female (years). Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?end=2018&start=1960. Accessed 1120, 2020..
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Life expectancy at birth, male (years). Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?end=2018&start=1960. Accessed 1220, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. Health spending (indicator). Available from: https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm. Accessed 1220, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. Hospital beds (indicator). Available from: https://data.oecd.org/healtheqt/hospital-beds.htm. Accessed 1220, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Danske Regioner. Fakta om praksis sektoren. 2018; Available from: https://www.regioner.dk/media/9205/publikation-fakta-om-praksissektoren.pdf. Accessed 1223, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Wettergren B, Blennow M, Hjern A, Söder O, Ludvigsson JF. Child Health Systems in Sweden. J Pediatr. 2016;177s:S187–s202.27666267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1177 Vårdguiden. Available from: https://www.1177.se/Orebrolan/sa-fungerar-varden/varden-i-orebro-lan/egen-vardbegaran/. Accessed 210, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Westerlund T, Marklund B. Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden - at a crossroads. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1927.32477436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Care in Figures. Available from: https://vardenisiffror.se/. Accessed 112, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF. The first eight months of Sweden’s COVID-19 strategy and the key actions and actors that were involved. Acta Paediatrica. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Sweden: Country Health Profile 2017, State of Health in the EU, OECD Publishing. Brussels: Paris/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Gaardsrud PØ. Styringsdata for fastlegeordningen. kvartal. 2019;4:2019.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. GPs and emergency primary health care. Available from: https://www.ssb.no/en/helse/statistikker/fastlegetj. Accessed 1212, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ringard ÅSA, Sperre Saunes I, Lindahl AK. Norway: health system review. Health Systems in Transition. Health Syst Transit. 2013;15(8):1–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaisa Möllär TP, Saukkonen S-M. Outpatient Visits to Primary and Oral Health Care 2019: 22.8 Million Visits to Health Centres. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The Icelandic Ministry of Health. Health Policy. A Policy for Iceland’s Health Services Until 2030; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Sjúkratryggingar Íslands. Health Insurance in Iceland. Available at: https://www.sjukra.is/english/social-insurance-in-iceland/payment-participation-system/. Accessed 4 12, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Sigríður Haralds Elínardóttir. Director of Health Statistics, Directorade of Health, Iceland.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Denmark. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=DK. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Sweden. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=SE. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Norway. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=NO. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Finland. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=FI. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Iceland. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=IS. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–1222.33069326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebano A, Hamed S, Bradby H, et al. Migrants’ and refugees’ health status and healthcare in Europe: a scoping literature review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1039.32605605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thordardottir EB, Yin L, Hauksdottir A, et al. Mortality and major disease risk among migrants of the 1991-2001 Balkan wars to Sweden: a register-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(12):e1003392.33259494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SSI. Salget af biologiske lægemidler til gigtsygdomme, psoriasis og tarmbetændelse stiger fortsat. 2013; Available from: file:///C:/Users/au193513/Downloads/Salget_af_biologiske_laegemidler_til_autoimmune_sygdomme.pdf. Accessed 317, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. Hospital beds (indicator). 2020; Available from: https://data.oecd.org/healtheqt/hospital-beds.htm. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. Health spending (indicator). 2020; Available from: https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm. Accessed 1123, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT. The Danish Civil Registration System as a tool in epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(8):541–549.24965263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Otterblad-Olausson P, Pettersson BU, Ekbom A. The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(11):659–667.19504049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Tax Administration. Norwegian identification number. Available from: https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/person/foreign/norwegian-identification-number/what-is-an-identification-number/. Accessed October 10, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Eiríksdóttir E How long have ID numbers been used in Iceland and why do we need them? 2012; Available from: https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=19500. Accessed 212, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen J, Basso O, Sørensen HT. What is a population-based registry? Scand J Public Health. 1999;27(1):78.10847676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Almqvist C, Bonamy AK, et al. Registers of the Swedish total population and their use in medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(2):125–136.26769609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsedata. Population. Available from: https://helsedata.no/no/forvaltere/statistisk-sentralbyra-ssb/befolkning/. Accessed 1017, 2020..
   Google Scholar
• Adelborg K, Szépligeti SK, Holland-Bill L, et al. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular diseases: danish population based matched cohort study. BMJ. 2018;360:k96.29386181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannesdottir SA, Horvath-Puho E, Dekkers OM, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(9):743–752.23546607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh C, Fischer TK, Skotte L, et al. Familial aggregation and heritability of pyloric stenosis. JAMA. 2010;303(23):2393–2399.20551410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FB, Ankersen PV, Poulsen S. Hvordan Har Du Det? 2010 – Sundhedsprofil for Region Og Kommuner [How are You? 2010– Health Profile for Region and Municipalities]. Report. Region Midtjylland, Denmark;2011.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen PH, Maeng M, Busk M, et al. Primary angioplasty versus fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: long-term follow-up in the Danish acute myocardial infarction 2 trial. Circulation. 2010;121(13):1484–1491.20308618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbroucke JP, Pearce N. Case-control studies: basic concepts. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1480–1489.23045208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland S. Estimation of exposure-specific rates from sparse case-control data. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(12):1087–1094.3680466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laugesen K, Farkas DK, Vestergaard M, Jørgensen JOL, Petersen I, Sørensen HT. Glucocorticoid use and risk of suicide: a Danish population-based case-control study. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):142–143.33432747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fangel S, Linde PC, Thorsted BL. Nye Problemer Med Reprasentativitet I Surveys, Som Opregning Med Registre Kan Reducere. Metode & Data. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Laugesen K, Petersen I, Pedersen L, Breinholt Larsen F, Jorgensen JOL, Sorensen HTT. Prevalence of lifestyle characteristics in glucocorticoid users and non-users: a Danish population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e030780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugesen K, Baggesen LM, Schmidt SAJ, et al. Social isolation and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4731.29549355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langhoff-Roos J, Krebs L, Klungsøyr K, et al. The Nordic medical birth registers--a potential goldmine for clinical research. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(2):132–137.24237585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliddal M, Broe A, Pottegard A, Olsen J, Langhoff-Roos J. The Danish Medical Birth Register. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(1):27–36.29349587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cnattingius S, Ericson A, Gunnarskog J, Källén B. A quality study of a medical birth registry. Scand J Soc Med. 1990;18(2):143–148.2367825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. The Swedish Medical Birth Registry. 2019; Available from: https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/en/statistics-and-data/registers/register-information/the-swedish-medical-birth-register/. Accessed 102, 2020..
   Google Scholar
• Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare. Medical Birth Register. 2019; Available from: https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/statistics/information-on-statistics/register-descriptions/newborns#Name%20of%20the%20register. Accessed 106, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Irgens LM. The Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Epidemiological research and surveillance throughout 30 years. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79(6):435–439.10857866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Directorate of Health. Birth Register. Available from: https://www.landlaeknir.is/tolfraedi-og-rannsoknir/gagnasofn/gagnasafn/item12340/Faedingaskra-(Birth-Register. Accessed 1018, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Sundhedsstyrelsen C. Validering Af Landspatientregisteret (LPR) Med Henblik Pa° Obstetrisk Forskning Og Kvalitetssikring—et Kvalitetsudviklingsprojekt [The Danish Health Authorities, Center for Evaluation and Medical Technology Assessment. Validation of the Danish National Patient Registry for the Purpose of Obstetric Research and Quality Assessment]. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Baghestan E, Børdahl PE, Rasmussen SA, Sande AK, Lyslo I, Solvang I. A validation of the diagnosis of obstetric sphincter tears in two Norwegian databases, the Medical Birth Registry and the Patient Administration System. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(2):205–209.17364284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeland A, Bjørge T, Daltveit AK, Vollset SE, Furu K. Validation of disease registration in pregnant women in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(10):1083–1089.19657758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gissler M, Teperi J, Hemminki E, Meriläinen J. Data quality after restructuring a national medical registry. Scand J Soc Med. 1995;23(1):75–80.7784857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt M, Schmidt SA, Sandegaard JL, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT. The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:449–490.26604824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A, et al. External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:450.21658213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakken IJ, Ariansen AMS, Knudsen GP, Johansen KI, Vollset SE. The Norwegian Patient Registry and the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care: research potential of two nationwide health-care registries. Scand J Public Health. 2020;48(1):49–55.31288711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Care Register for Health Care. 2016; Available from: https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/statistics/information-on-statistics/register-descriptions/care-register-for-health-care#data. Accessed 610, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate of health. Hospital Discharge Register. Available from: https://www.landlaeknir.is/tolfraedi-og-rannsoknir/gagnasofn/gagnasafn/item12464/Vistunarskra-heilbrigdisstofnana. Accessed 616, 2021. Accessed October 19, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Smedby BSG. Health Classifications in the Nordic Countries. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Register of Primary Health Care visits. 2015; Available from: https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/statistics/information-on-statistics/register-descriptions/register-of-primary-health-care-visits. Accessed 616, 2021. 6, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate of Health. Register of Primary Health Care Contacts. Available from: https://www.landlaeknir.is/tolfraedi-og-rannsoknir/gagnasofn/gagnasafn/item12460/Samskiptaskra-heilsugaeslustodva-(Register-of-Primary-Health-Care-Contacts). Accessed 616, 2021. Accessed October 19, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen JS, Olivarius Nde F, Krasnik A. The Danish National Health Service Register. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):34–37.21775348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sund R. Quality of the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register: a systematic review. Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(6):505–515.22899561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukkala E, Engholm G, Højsgaard schmidt LK, et al. Nordic Cancer Registries - an overview of their procedures and data comparability. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2018;57(4):440–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjerstorff ML. The Danish Cancer Registry. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):42–45.21775350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow L, Westergren K, Holmberg L, Talbäck M. The completeness of the Swedish Cancer Register: a sample survey for year 1998. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2009;48(1):27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen IK, Småstuen M, Johannesen TB, et al. Data quality at the Cancer Registry of Norway: an overview of comparability, completeness, validity and timeliness. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(7):1218–1231.19091545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakken IJ, Gystad SO, Christensen ØO, et al. Comparison of data from the Norwegian Patient Register and the Cancer Registry of Norway. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke. 2012;132(11):1336–1340.
   Google Scholar
• Leinonen MK, Miettinen J, Heikkinen S, Pitkäniemi J, Malila N. Quality measures of the population-based Finnish Cancer Registry indicate sound data quality for solid malignant tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2017;77:31–39.28350996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdardottir LG, Jonasson JG, Stefansdottir S, et al. Data quality at the Icelandic Cancer Registry: comparability, validity, timeliness and completeness. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2012;51(7):880–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. NORDCAN. Available from: https://nordcan.iarc.fr/en. Accessed May 6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Furu K, Wettermark B, Andersen M, Martikainen JE, Almarsdottir AB, Sørensen HT. The Nordic countries as a cohort for pharmacoepidemiological research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;106(2):86–94.19961477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pottegard A, Schmidt SA, Wallach-Kildemoes H, Sorensen HT, Hallas J, Schmidt M. Data Resource Profile: the Danish National Prescription Registry. Int J Epidemiol. 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wettermark B, Hammar N, Fored CM, et al. The new Swedish Prescribed Drug Register--opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research and experience from the first six months. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(7):726–735.16897791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsedata. Reseptregisteret. Available from: https://helsedata.no/no/forvaltere/folkehelseinstituttet/reseptbasert-legemiddelregister/. Accessed 1020, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Furu K. Establishment of the nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) – new opportunities for research in pharmacoepidemiology in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi. 2009;18:2.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate of Health. Prescription Medicines Register. Available from: https://www.landlaeknir.is/tolfraedi-og-rannsoknir/gagnasofn/gagnasafn/item12455/Lyfjagagnagrunnur-(Prescription-Medicines-Register. Accessed 1010, 20210.
   Google Scholar
• Stovring H, Pottegard A, Hallas J. Refining estimates of prescription durations by using observed covariates in pharmacoepidemiological databases: an application of the reverse waiting time distribution. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(8):900–908.28466973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovring H, Pottegard A, Hallas J. Determining prescription durations based on the parametric waiting time distribution. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25(12):1451–1459. doi:10.1002/pds.411427670969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrane JM, Stovring H, Hellfritzsch M, Hallas J, Pottegard A. Empirical validation of the reverse parametric waiting time distribution and standard methods to estimate prescription durations for warfarin. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(9):1011–1018. doi:10.1002/pds.458129952049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugesen K, Stovring H, Hallas J, et al. Prescription duration and treatment episodes in oral glucocorticoid users: application of the parametric waiting time distribution. <![CDATA[Clinical Epidemiology]]>. 2017;9:591–600. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S14867129180903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Hallas J, Laursen M, Friis S. Data Resource Profile: danish online drug use statistics (MEDSTAT). Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(5):1401–1402g. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw11627892409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fimea. Consumption information. Available from: https://www.fimea.fi/web/en/databases_and_registers/consumption-information. Accessed 1124, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. Statistical database for medicinal products. Available from: https://sdb.socialstyrelsen.se/if_lak/val.aspx. Accessed 1126, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Folkehelseinstituttet. Welcome to the Norwegian Prescription Database. Available from: http://www.norpd.no/. Accessed 1124, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lund JL, Richardson DB, Stürmer T. The active comparator, new user study design in pharmacoepidemiology: historical foundations and contemporary application. Current Epidemiol Rep. 2015;2(4):221–228. doi:10.1007/s40471-015-0053-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helweg-Larsen K. The Danish Register of Causes of Death. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):26–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke HL, Talbäck M, Hörnblad J, et al. The Swedish cause of death register. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(9):765–773.28983736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsedata. Dødsårsaksregisteret (DÅR). Available from: https://helsedata.no/no/forvaltere/folkehelseinstituttet/dodsarsaksregisteret/. Accessed 1023, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate of Health. Causes of Death Register. Available from: https://www.landlaeknir.is/tolfraedi-og-rannsoknir/gagnasofn/gagnasafn/item15417/Danarmeinaskra-(Causes-of-Death-Register.). Accessed 1023, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Guidance for reference. Available from: https://www.fhi.no/en/more/access-to-data/retningslinje-for-referanse/. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate of Health. Registers and health information. Available from: https://www.landlaeknir.is/english/registersandhealthinformation/. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• The Swedish Research council. Registers in Sweden. Available from: https://www.registerforskning.se/en/registers-in-sweden/. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• FINNGEN. Health registries. Available from: https://www.finngen.fi/en/health-registries. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Gissler M, Haukka J. Finnish health and social welfare registers in epidemiological research. Norsk Epidemiologi. 2004;14(1):113–120.
   Google Scholar
• Helsedata. Finn helsedata. Available from: https://www.helsedata.no/. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Baadsgaard M, Quitzau J. Danish registers on personal income and transfer payments. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):103–105.21775365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersson F, Baadsgaard M, Thygesen LC. Danish registers on personal labour market affiliation. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):95–98.21775363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen VM, Rasmussen AW. Danish Education Registers. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):91–94.21775362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Iceland. Available from: https://www.statice.is/. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Statistic Sweden. Finding statistics. Available from: https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Svedberg P, Olén O, Bruze G, Neovius M. The longitudinal integrated database for health insurance and labour market studies (LISA) and its use in medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(4):423–437.30929112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blenstrup LT, Knudsen LB. Danish registers on aspects of reproduction. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):79–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen HT, Pedersen L, Jørgensen J, Ehrenstein V. Danish clinical quality databases - an important and untapped resource for clinical research. Clin Epidemiol. 2016;8:425–427.27843338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emilsson L, Lindahl B, Köster M, Lambe M, Ludvigsson JF. Review of 103 Swedish Healthcare Quality Registries. J Intern Med. 2015;277(1):94–136.25174800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen AI, Lau CJ, Kristensen PL, et al. The Danish National Health Survey: study design, response rate and respondent characteristics in 2010, 2013 and 2017. Scand J Public Health. 2020;1403494820966534.33161874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borodulin K, Tolonen H, Jousilahti P, et al. Cohort Profile: the National FINRISK Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(3):696–696i.29165699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish National Data service. National public health survey, Health on equal terms. Available from: https://snd.gu.se/en/catalogue/collection/national-public-health-survey-health-on-equal-terms. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Stattin M, Järvholm B. Occupation, work environment, and disability pension: a prospective study of construction workers. Scand J Public Health. 2005;33(2):84–90.15823968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Boll K, et al. Study design, exposure variables, and socioeconomic determinants of participation in Diet, Cancer and Health: a population-based prospective cohort study of 57,053 men and women in Denmark. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(4):432–441.17786808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen DA, Larsen LA, Nygaard M, et al. The Danish Twin Registry: an Updated Overview. Twin Res Human Genetics. 2019;22(6):499–507.31544734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen J, Melbye M, Olsen SF, et al. The Danish National Birth Cohort--its background, structure and aim. Scand J Public Health. 2001;29(4):300–307.11775787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen DH, Nicolaisen SK, Berencsi K, et al. Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2) project cohort of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes: a cohort profile. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e017273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen TS, Knudsen GP, Gervin K, et al. The Norwegian Twin Registry from a public health perspective: a research update. Twin Res Human Genetics. 2013;16(1):285–295.23186607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarström A, Janlert U. Cohort profile: the northern Swedish cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1545–1552.21828110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagai U, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL, Magnusson PKE. The Swedish Twin Registry: content and management as a research infrastructure. Twin Res Human Genetics. 2019;22(6):672–680.31747977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnus P, Irgens LM, Haug K, Nystad W, Skjaerven R, Stoltenberg C. Cohort profile: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(5):1146–1150.16926217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaprio J. The Finnish Twin Cohort Study: an update. Twin Res Human Genetics. 2013;16(1):157–162.23298696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erichsen R, Lash TL, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Bjerregaard B, Vyberg M, Pedersen L. Existing data sources for clinical epidemiology: the Danish National Pathology Registry and Data Bank. Clin Epidemiol. 2010;2:51–56.20865103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Kotzé SR, et al. The Danish Blood Donor Study: a large, prospective cohort and biobank for medical research. Vox Sang. 2012;102(3):271.21967299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen E, Christiansen L, Wilkowski B, et al. Data resource profile: the Copenhagen Hospital Biobank (CHB). Int J Epidemiol. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kringelbach TM, Glintborg B, Hogdall EV, Johansen JS, Hetland ML. Identification of new biomarkers to promote personalised treatment of patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: protocol for an open cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e019325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biobank Sverige. Guide to Biobanks in Sweden. Available from: https://biobanksverige.se/wp-content/uploads/k7-guide-to-biobanks-in-sweden.pdf. Accessed 507, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Zika E, Paci D, Schulte in den Bäumen T, et al. Biobanks in Europe: prospects for Harmonisation and Networking. Available from: file:///C:/Users/au193513/Downloads/jrc57831.pdf. Accessed 511, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Voutilainen M. Epidemiological trends in oesophageal cancer in the Nordic countries. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(3):323–327.18938769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg FE, Andersson TM, Lambe M, et al. Trends in cancer survival in the Nordic countries 1990-2016: the NORDCAN survival studies. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2020;59(11):1266–1274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klint A, Engholm G, Storm HH, et al. Trends in survival of patients diagnosed with cancer of the digestive organs in the Nordic countries 1964-2003 followed up to the end of 2006. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2010;49(5):578–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryggvadóttir L, Gislum M, Bray F, et al. Trends in the survival of patients diagnosed with breast cancer in the Nordic countries 1964-2003 followed up to the end of 2006. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2010;49(5):624–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engholm G, Hakulinen T, Gislum M, et al. Trends in the survival of patients diagnosed with kidney or urinary bladder cancer in the Nordic countries 1964-2003 followed up to the end of 2006. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2010;49(5):655–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray F, Engholm G, Hakulinen T, et al. Trends in survival of patients diagnosed with cancers of the brain and nervous system, thyroid, eye, bone, and soft tissues in the Nordic countries 1964-2003 followed up until the end of 2006. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2010;49(5):673–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller B, Fekjaer H, Hakulinen T, et al. Prediction of cancer incidence in the Nordic countries up to the year 2020. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002;11(Suppl 1):S1–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukkala E, Martinsen JI, Lynge E, et al. Occupation and cancer - follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2009;48(5):646–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Bergen. SCAN-AED: Nordic register-based study of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.uib.no/en/rg/epilepsy/123035/scan-aed-nordic-register-based-study-antiepileptic-drugs-pregnancy. Accessed 616, 2021. Accessed May 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Maret-Ouda J, Tao W, Wahlin K, Lagergren J. Nordic registry-based cohort studies: possibilities and pitfalls when combining Nordic registry data. Scand J Public Health. 2017;45(17_suppl):14–19.28683665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NordForsk. Available from: https://www.nordforsk.org/. Accessed 1129, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• NordForsk. Nordic Microdata Access Network (NordMAN). Available from: https://old.nordforsk.org/en/programmes-and-projects/projects/nordic-microdata-access-network-nordman. Accessed 1111, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• NordForsk. A vission of a Nordic secure digital infrastructure for health data: the Nordic Commons. Available from: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1376735/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Accessed 317, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Håberg SE, Knudsen GP, et al. Ethical aspects of registry-based research in the Nordic countries. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:491–508.26648756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar