Risk Stratification in Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Residual Cardiovascular Risk with Current Secondary Prevention

References

• BoulangerM, BéjotY, RothwellPM, TouzéE. Long-term risk of myocardial infarction compared to recurrent stroke after transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(2):e007267. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.00726729348322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GynnildMN, AakerøyR, SpigsetO, et al. Vascular risk factor control and adherence to secondary preventive medication after ischaemic stroke. J Intern Med. 2020;289(3):355–68. doi:10.1111/joim.1316132743852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrewerL, MellonL, HallP, et al. Secondary prevention after ischaemic stroke: the ASPIRE-S Study. BMC Neurol. 2015;15(1):216. doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0466-226492943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeuschmannPU, KircherJ, NoweT, et al. Control of main risk factors after ischaemic stroke across Europe: data from the stroke-specific module of the EUROASPIRE III survey. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(10):1354–1362. doi:10.1177/204748731454682525139770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NorrvingB, BarrickJ, DavalosA, et al. Action plan for stroke in Europe 2018–2030. Eur Stroke J. 2018;3(4):309–336. doi:10.1177/239698731880871931236480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaasenbroodL, BoekholdtSM, van der GraafY, et al. Distribution of estimated 10-year risk of recurrent vascular events and residual risk in a secondary prevention population. Circulation. 2016;134(19):1419–1429. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.02131427682883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DorresteijnJA, VisserenFL, WassinkAM, et al. Development and validation of a prediction rule for recurrent vascular events based on a cohort study of patients with arterial disease: the SMART risk score. Heart. 2013;99(12):866–872. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-30364023574971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosselloX, DorresteijnJA, JanssenA, et al. Risk prediction tools in cardiovascular disease prevention: a report from the ESC prevention of CVD programme led by the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) in collaboration with the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) and the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (ACNAP). Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019;26(14):1534–1544. doi:10.1177/2048872619858285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DorresteijnJAN, KaasenbroodL, CookNR, et al. How to translate clinical trial results into gain in healthy life expectancy for individual patients. BMJ. 2016;352:i1548. doi:10.1136/bmj.i154827029390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der LeeuwJ, RidkerPM, van der GraafY, VisserenFL. Personalized cardiovascular disease prevention by applying individualized prediction of treatment effects. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(13):837–843. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu00424513790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EikelboomJW, ConnollySJ, BoschJ, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319–1330. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa170911828844192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugliano RobertP, Pedersen TerjeR, Saver JeffreyL, et al. Stroke prevention with the PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) inhibitor evolocumab added to statin in high-risk patients with stable atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2020;51(5):1546–1554. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.02775932312223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoshinoT, SissaniL, LabreucheJ, et al. Prevalence of systemic atherosclerosis burdens and overlapping stroke etiologies and their associations with long-term vascular prognosis in stroke with intracranial atherosclerotic disease. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(2):203–211. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.396029279888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SirimarcoG, Lavallée PhilippaC, LabreucheJ, et al. Overlap of diseases underlying ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(9):2427–2433. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.00136323860300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gongora-RiveraF, LabreucheJ, JaramilloA, Steg PhilippeG, HauwJJ, AmarencoP. Autopsy prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke. 2007;38(4):1203–1210. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000260091.13729.9617332452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan WalterN, Viscoli CatherineM, Brass LawrenceM, et al. The stroke prognosis instrument II (SPI-II). Stroke. 2000;31(2):456–462. doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.2.45610657422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AyH, GungorL, ArsavaEM, et al. A score to predict early risk of recurrence after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2010;74(2):128–135. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ca9cff20018608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeimarC, DienerHC, AlbertsMJ, et al. The Essen stroke risk score predicts recurrent cardiovascular events: a validation within the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry. Stroke. 2009;40(2):350–354. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.52141919023098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaasenbroodL, BhattDL, DorresteijnJAN, et al. Estimated life expectancy without recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with vascular disease: the SMART-REACH model. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(16):e009217. doi:10.1161/jaha.118.00921730369323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThingstadP, AskimT, BeyerMK, et al. The Norwegian Cognitive impairment after stroke study (Nor-COAST): study protocol of a multicentre, prospective cohort study. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):193. doi:10.1186/s12883-018-1198-x30477436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VarmdalT, BakkenIJ, JanszkyI, et al. Comparison of the validity of stroke diagnoses in a medical quality register and an administrative health register. Scand J Public Health. 2016;44(2):143–149. doi:10.1177/140349481562164126660300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GovatsmarkRES, JanszkyI, SlørdahlSA, et al. Completeness and correctness of acute myocardial infarction diagnoses in a medical quality register and an administrative health register. Scand J Public Health. 2020;48(1):5–13. doi:10.1177/140349481880325630269654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norwegian Guideline for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. The Norwegian directorate of health; 35, 2018. Available from: https://www.helsedirektoratet.no/retningslinjer/forebygging-av-hjerte-og-karsykdom. Accessed 223, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• HarrellFEJr, LeeKL, MarkDB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996;15(4):361–387. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-48668867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van CalsterB, McLernonDJ, van SmedenM, WynantsL, SteyerbergEW. Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):230. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1466-731842878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DucrocqG, BhattDL, LabreucheJ, et al. Geographic differences in outcomes in outpatients with established atherothrombotic disease: results from the REACH registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21(12):1509–1516. doi:10.1177/204748731350127823965467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SteyerbergEW, BorsboomGJ, van HouwelingenHC, EijkemansMJ, HabbemaJD. Validation and updating of predictive logistic regression models: a study on sample size and shrinkage. Stat Med. 2004;23(16):2567–2586. doi:10.1002/sim.184415287085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaigentC, BlackwellL, EmbersonJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670–1681. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-521067804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EttehadD, EmdinCA, KiranA, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957–967. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01225-826724178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antithrombotic TrialistsC. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1849–1860. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-119482214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MonsU, MüezzinlerA, GellertC, et al. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium. BMJ. 2015;350(apr20 2):h1551. doi:10.1136/bmj.h155125896935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GellertC, SchöttkerB, BrennerH. Smoking and all-cause mortality in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(11):837–844. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.139722688992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MoriskyDE, GreenLW, LevineDM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986;24(1):67–74. doi:10.1097/00005650-198601000-000073945130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de VriesTI, EikelboomJW, BoschJ, et al. Estimating individual lifetime benefit and bleeding risk of adding rivaroxaban to aspirin for patients with stable cardiovascular disease: results from the COMPASS trial. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(46):3771–3778a. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz40431504399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuvåsKR, SaltvedtI, AamS, ThingstadP, EllekjærH, AskimT. The risk of selection bias in a clinical multi-center cohort study. results from the Norwegian cognitive impairment after stroke (Nor-COAST) Study. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:1327–1336. doi:10.2147/clep.S27663133293871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook NancyR. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation. 2007;115(7):928–935. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.67240217309939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XuZ, ArnoldM, StevensD, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular disease risk accounting for future initiation of statin treatment. Am J Epidemiol. 2021. doi:10.1093/aje/kwab031
   Google Scholar