Lipid Testing Trends Before and After Hospitalization for Myocardial Infarction Among Adults in the United States, 2008–2019

References

• Cleeman JI. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285(19):2486–2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25):2889–2934. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):e285–e350. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(25):2387–2397. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713–1722. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1615664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–2107. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1801174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levintow SN, Reading SR, Saul BC, et al. Lipid testing trends in the US before and after the release of the 2013 cholesterol treatment guidelines. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:835–845. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S259757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WT, Hellkamp A, Doll JA, et al. Lipid testing and statin dosing after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:3. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.006460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntner P, Orroth K, Mues K, et al. Evaluating a simple approach to identify adults meeting the 2018 AHA/ACC cholesterol guideline definition of very high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021;36:475–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Expert Panel On Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment Of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel. Executive summary of the third report of the NCEP expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285(19):2486–2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halcox JP, Tubach F, Lopez-Garcia E, et al. Low rates of both lipid-lowering therapy use and achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in individuals at high-risk for cardiovascular disease across Europe. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0115270. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth PP, Grabner M, Punekar RS, Quimbo RA, Cziraky MJ, Jacobson TA. Cardiovascular risk in patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle targets. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235(2):585–591. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinwong D, Patumanond J, Chinwong S, et al. Statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment and effect of statin potency. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;23(11):127–136.
   Google Scholar
• Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(11):NP1–NP96. doi:10.1177/2047487316653709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111–188. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289–1297. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.13985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth JN, Colantonio LD, Chen L, et al. Statin discontinuation, reinitiation, and persistence patterns among medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction: a cohort study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(10). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.003626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colantonio LD, Huang L, Monda KL, et al. Adherence to high-intensity statins following a myocardial infarction hospitalization among medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(8):890–895. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks JM, Cook E, Chapman CG, et al. Statin use after acute myocardial infarction by patient complexity are the rates right? Med Care. 2015;53(4):324–331. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virani SS, Pokharel Y, Steinberg L, et al. Provider understanding of the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(3):497–504.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstern A, Navar AM, Li S, et al. Association of clinician knowledge and statin beliefs with statin therapy use and lipid levels (A survey of US practice in the PALM registry). Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(7):1011–1018. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.12.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips LS, Branch J, Cook CB, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(9):825–834. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawks L, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S, Bor DH, Gaffney A, McCormick D. Trends in unmet need for physician and preventive services in the United States, 1998-2017. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(3):439. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrett E, George J, Denaxas S, et al. Type and timing of heralding in ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an analysis of prospectively collected electronic healthcare records linked to the national registry of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Hear J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2013;2(3):235–245. doi:10.1177/2048872613487495
   Google Scholar
• Schubert J, Lindahl B, Melhus H, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and statin intensity in myocardial infarction patients and major adverse outcomes: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(3):243–252. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, et al. EU-Wide cross-sectional observational study of lipid-modifying therapy use in secondary and primary care: the DA VINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(11):1279–1289. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleyer T, Hui S, Wang J, et al. Quantifying unmet need in statin-treated hyperlipidemia patients and the potential benefit of further LDL-C reduction through an EHR-based retrospective cohort study. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019;25(5):544–554. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.5.544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar