The high pCR rate of sandwich neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer may translate into a better long-term survival benefit: 5-year outcome of a Phase II clinical trial

References

• NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®): Rectal Cancer (Version 1. 2017) NCCN.org. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/store/login/login.aspx?Return URL=https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/rectal.pdfAccessed January 16, 2018
   Google Scholar
• PeetersKCMarijnenCANagtegaalIDThe TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinomaAnn Surg2007246569370117968156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenCSunPRongJWengHWDaiQSYeSShort Course Radiation in the Treatment of Localized Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisSci Rep201551095326055266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BossetJFColletteLCalaisGChemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancerN Engl J Med2006355111114112316971718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CassidyRJLiuYPatelKCan we eliminate neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy in favor of neoadjuvant multiagent chemotherapy for select stage II/III rectal adenocarcinomas: Analysis of the National Cancer Data baseCancer2017123578379327780316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SineshawHMJemalAThomasCRMitinTChanges in treatment patterns for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer in the United States over the past decade: An analysis from the National Cancer Data BaseCancer2016122131996200327074300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-MartosCPericayCAparicioJPhase II, randomized study of concomitant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery and adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) compared with induction CAPOX followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy and surgery in magnetic resonance imaging-defined, locally advanced rectal cancer: Grupo cancer de recto 3 studyJ Clin Oncol201028585986520065174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BossetJFCalaisGMineurLFluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised studyLancet Oncol201415218419024440473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SauerRBeckerHHohenbergerWPreoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancerN Engl J Med2004351171731174015496622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RödelCLierschTBeckerHFietkauRPreoperative chemo-radiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin versus fluorouracil alone in locally advanced rectal cancer: initial results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 randomised phase 3 trialLancet Oncol201213767968722627104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GérardJPAzriaDGourgou-BourgadeSComparison of two neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the phase III trial ACCORD 12/0405-Prodige 2J Clin Oncol201028101638164420194850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AscheleCCioniniLLonardiSPrimary tumor response to preoperative chemoradiation with or without oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: pathologic results of the STAR-01 randomized phase III trialJ Clin Oncol201129202773278021606427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaoYHLinJZAnXNeoadjuvant sandwich treatment with oxaliplatin and capecitabine administered prior to, concurrently with, and following radiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: a prospective phase 2 trialInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys20149051153116025442042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdgeSByrdDRComptonCCFritzAGGreeneFLTrottiAAJCC Cancer Staging Manual7th edBerlinSpringer2010 Available from: https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/AJCC%207th%20Ed%20Cancer%20Staging%20Manual.pdfAccessed January 16, 2018
   Google Scholar
• PetrelliFSgroiGSartiEBarniSIncreasing the Interval Between Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Surgery in Rectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Published StudiesAnn Surg2016263345846424263329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RödelCGraevenUFietkauROxaliplatin added to fluorouracil-based preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy of locally advanced rectal cancer (the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 study): final results of the multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trialLancet Oncol201516897998926189067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnXLinXWangFHShort term results of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with fluoropyrimidine alone or in combination with oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: a meta analysisEur J Cancer201349484385123063351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AllegraCJYothersGO’ConnellMJFinal results from NSABP protocol R-04: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (RT) comparing continuous infusion (CIV) 5-fu with capecitabine (Cape) with or without oxaliplatin (ox) in patients with stage II and III rectal cancerClimate of the Past2014114635645
   Google Scholar
• ChuaYJBarbachanoYCunninghamDNeoadjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin before chemoradiotherapy and total mesorectal excision in MRI-defined poor-risk rectal cancer: a phase 2 trialLancet Oncol201011324124820106720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaoYHAnXSunWJEvaluation of capecitabine and oxaliplatin administered prior to and then concomitant to radiotherapy in high risk locally advanced rectal cancerJ Surg Oncol2014109547848224288203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeSJKangBWChaeYSPilot Study of Neoadjuvant Chemo-radiotherapy with Three Cycles of 5-Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin for Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal CancerAnn Surg Oncol2016233894899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habr-GamaAPerezROSabbagaJNadalinWSão JuliãoGPGama-RodriguesJIncreasing the rates of complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for distal rectal cancer: results of a prospective study using additional chemotherapy during the resting periodDis Colon Rectum200952121927193419934911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaoYHZhangXAnXOxaliplatin and capecitabine concomitant with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and extended to the resting period in high risk locally advanced rectal cancerStrahlenther Onkol2014190215816424408055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaadEDKatzAHoffPMBuyseMProgression-free survival as surrogate and as true end-point: insights from the breast and colorectal cancer literatureAnn Oncol200921171219901012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CianiOBuyseMGarsideRMeta-analyses of randomized controlled trials show suboptimal validity of surrogate outcomes for overall survival in advanced colorectal cancerJ Clin Epidemiol201568783384225863582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar