Anatomy of lymphatic drainage of the esophagus and lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal cancer

References

• TorreLABrayFSiegelRLFerlayJLortet-TieulentJJemalAGlobal cancer statistics, 2012CA Cancer J Clin20156528710825651787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmythECLagergrenJFitzgeraldRCOesophageal cancerNat Rev Dis Primers201731704828748917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LagergrenJSmythECunninghamDLagergrenPOesophageal cancerLancet2017390101102383239628648400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IsonoKSatoHNakayamaKResults of a nationwide study on the three-field lymph node dissection of esophageal cancerOncology19914854114201745490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AkutsuYUesatoMShutoKThe overall prevalence of metastasis in T1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 295 patientsAnn Surg201325761032103823108117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HölscherAHBollschweilerESchröderWMetzgerRGutschowCDrebberUPrognostic impact of upper, middle, and lower third mucosal or submucosal infiltration in early esophageal cancerAnn Surg2011254580280822042472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiYKChenYLiXTSunYSPrognostic significance of the size and number of lymph nodes on pre and post neoadjuvant chemotherapy CT in patients with pN0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a 5-year follow-up studyOncotarget2017837616626167328977894
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SugawaraKYamashitaHUemuraYNumeric pathologic lymph node classification shows prognostic superiority to topographic pN classification in esophageal squamous cell carcinomaSurgery2017162484685628739092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangHLiangHGaoYMetastatic lymph node ratio demonstrates better prognostic stratification than pN staging in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after esophagectomySci Rep201663880427941828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShaoYGengYGuWAssessment of lymph node ratio to replace the pN categories system of classification of the TNM system in esophageal squamous cell carcinomaJ Thorac Oncol201611101774178427393473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShangQXChenLQHuWPDengHYYuanYCaiJThree-field lymph node dissection in treating the esophageal cancerJ Thorac Dis2016810E1136E114927867579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NatsugoeSMatsumotoMOkumuraHClinical course and outcome after esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancerLangenbecks Arch Surg2010395434134620361205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HsuPKChenHSHuangCSPatterns of recurrence after oesophagectomy and postoperative chemoradiotherapy versus surgery alone for oesophageal squamous cell carcinomaBr J Surg20171041909727859017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XiMXuCLiaoZThe impact of histology on recurrence patterns in esophageal cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapyRadiother Oncol2017124231832428687396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosekransSLBaanBMuncanVvan den BrinkGREsophageal development and epithelial homeostasisAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol20153094G216G22826138464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrotonsMLBolcaCFréchetteEDeslauriersJAnatomy and physiology of the thoracic lymphatic systemThorac Surg Clin201222213915322520281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhemchuzhnikovaLEAge changes in the anatomy of the lymphatic system of the human pancreasArkh Anat Gistol Embriol1959363535913638117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BrundlerMAHarrisonJAde SaussureBde PerrotMPepperMSLymphatic vessel density in the neoplastic progression of Barrett’s oesophagus to adenocarcinomaJ Clin Pathol200659219119516443737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiceTWBronnerMPThe esophageal wallThorac Surg Clin201121229930521477779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YajinSMurakamiGTakeuchiHHasegawaTKitanoHThe normal configuration and interindividual differences in intramural lymphatic vessels of the esophagusJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg200913761406141419464457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NishimoriHHayashiSNaitoMMurakamiGFujitaMHosokawaMMucosal lymphatic vessels of the esophagus distant from the cancer margin: morphometrical analysis using 27 surgically removed specimens of squamous cell carcinoma located in the upper or middle thoracic esophagusOkajimas Folia Anat Jpn2011882434722184865
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NagaiKNoguchiTHashimotoTUchidaYShimadaTThe organization of the lamina muscularis mucosae in the human esophagusArch Histol Cytol200366328128814527169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HashimotoTNoguchiTNagaiKUchidaYShimadaTThe organization of the communication routes between the epithelium and lamina propria mucosae in the human esophagusArch Histol Cytol200265432333512501890
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RiceTWZuccaroGAdelsteinDJRybickiLABlackstoneEHGold-blumJREsophageal carcinoma: depth of tumor invasion is predictive of regional lymph node statusAnn Thorac Surg19986537877929527214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiceTWSuperficial oesophageal carcinoma: is there a need for three-field lymphadenectomy?Lancet1999354918179279410485718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajaSRiceTWGoldblumJREsophageal submucosa: the watershed for esophageal cancerJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg20111426e140114031411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TomitaNMatsumotoTHayashiTLymphatic invasion according to D2-40 immunostaining is a strong predictor of nodal metastasis in superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: algorithm for risk of nodal metastasis based on lymphatic invasionPathol Int200858528228718429826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OshiroHOsakaYTachibanaSAokiTTsuchiyaTNagaoTRetrograde lymphatic spread of esophageal cancer: a case reportMedicine20159427e113926166121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HahnHPShahsafaeiAOdzeRDVascular and lymphatic properties of the superficial and deep lamina propria in Barrett esophagusAm J Surg Pathol200832101454146118685488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MizutaniMMurakamiGNawataSHitraiIKimuraWAnatomy of right recurrent nerve node: why does early metastasis of esophageal cancer occur in it?Surg Radiol Anat200628433333816718401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KugeKMurakamiGMizobuchiSHataYAikouTSasaguriSSubmucosal territory of the direct lymphatic drainage system to the thoracic duct in the human esophagusJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg200312561343134912830054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurakamiGSatoIShimadaKDongCKatoYImazekiTDirect lymphatic drainage from the esophagus into the thoracic ductSurg Radiol Anat19941643994077725196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurakamiGAbeMAbeTLast-intercalated node and direct lymphatic drainage into the thoracic duct from the thoracoabdominal visceraJpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg20025039310311968725
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SteccoCSfrisoMMPorzionatoAMicroscopic anatomy of the visceral fasciaeJ Anat2017231112112828466969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CuestaMAWeijsTJBleysRLA new concept of the anatomy of the thoracic oesophagus: the meso-oesophagus. Observational study during thoracoscopicesophagectomySurg Endosc20152992576258225480608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SkandalakisJESkandalakisLJSkandalakisPNAnatomy of the lymphaticsSurg Oncol Clin N Am200716111617336233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaitoHSatoTMiyazakiMExtramural lymphatic drainage from the thoracic esophagus based on minute cadaveric dissections: fundamentals for the sentinel node navigation surgery for the thoracic esophageal cancersSurg Radiol Anat200729753154217710360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurakamiGSatoTTakiguchiTTopographical anatomy of the bron-chomediastinal lymph vessels: their relationships and formation of the collecting trunksArch Histol Cytol199053Suppl219235
   Google Scholar
• MizutaniMNawataSHiraiIMurakamiGKimuraWAnatomy and histology of Virchow’s nodeAnat Sci Int200580419319816333915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RiquetMBronchial arteries and lymphatics of the lungThorac Surg Clin200717461963818271173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AikouTShimazuHDifference in main lymphatic pathways from the lower esophagus and gastric cardiaJpn J Surg19891932902952779027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NatsugoeSExperimental and clinical study on the lymphatic pathway draining from the distal esophagus and gastric cardiaNihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi19899033643762770680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ArakawaMMasuzakiTOkudaKPathomorphology of esophageal and gastric varicesSemin Liver Dis2002221073082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SugaKShimizuKKawakamiYLymphatic drainage from esophagogastric tract: feasibility of endoscopic CT lymphography for direct visualization of pathwaysRadiology2005237395296016304114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OkanobuKThe lymphatics of the esophagus – evaluation of endoscopic RI-lymphoscintigraphy with SPECTNihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi19909178088172398875
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid-SchönbeinGWMicrolymphatics and lymph flowPhysiol Rev199070498710282217560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiquetMLe Pimpec BarthesFSouilamasRHiddenGThoracic duct tributaries from intrathoracic organsAnn Thorac Surg200273389289811899197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japan Esophageal SocietyJapanese classification of esophageal cancer, 11th edition: part IEsophagus20171413628111535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JangHJLeeHSKimMSLeeJMZoJIPatterns of lymph node metastasis and survival for upper esophageal squamous cell carcinomaAnn Thorac Surg20119231091109721704967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KatoHTachimoriYWatanabeHLymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinomaJ Surg Oncol19914821061111921395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenJLiuSPanJThe pattern and prevalence of lymphatic spread in thoracic oesophageal squamous cell carcinomaEur J Cardiothorac Surg200936348048619502077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SharmaSFujitaHYamanaHKakegawaTPatterns of lymph node metastasis in 3-field dissection for carcinoma in the thoracic esophagusSurg Today19942454104148054811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NishimakiTTanakaOSuzukiTAizawaKHatakeyamaKMutoTPatterns of lymphatic spread in thoracic esophageal cancerCancer19947414118004581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FujitaHKakegawaTYamanaHLymph node metastasis and recurrence in patients with a carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent three-field dissectionWorld J Surg19941822662728042333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NishimakiTSuzukiTTanakaYNakagawaSAizawaKHatakeyamaKEvaluating the rational extent of dissection in radical esophagectomy for invasive carcinoma of the thoracic esophagusSurg Today1997271389035293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TachimoriYTotal mesoesophagealesophagectomyChin Med J2014127357457924451969
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DingXZhangJLiBA meta-analysis of lymph node metastasis rate for patients with thoracic oesophageal cancer and its implication in delineation of clinical target volume for radiation therapyBr J Radiol2012851019e1110e111922700258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MiyataHYamasakiMMakinoTTherapeutic value of lymph node dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapyJ SurgOncol201511216065
   Google Scholar
• YeKXuJHSunYFLinJAZhengZGCharacteristics and clinical significance of lymph node metastases near the recurrent laryngeal nerve from thoracic esophageal carcinomaGenet Mol Res20141336411641925158259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShiozakiHYanoMTsujinakaTLymph node metastasis along the recurrent nerve chain is an indication for cervical lymph node dissection in thoracic esophageal cancerDis Esophagus2001143–419119611869318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NiwaYKoikeMHattoriMThe prognostic relevance of sub-carinal lymph node dissection in esophageal squamous cell carcinomaAnn Surg Oncol201623261161826289807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuJHuYXieXFuJSubcarinal node metastasis in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinomaAnn Thorac Surg201293242342722178587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MatsubaraTUedaMAbeTAkimoriTKokudoNTakahashiTUnique distribution patterns of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with superficial carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagusBr J Surg199986566967310361192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KatoHTachimoriYMizobuchiSIgakiHOchiaiACervical, mediastinal, and abdominal lymph node dissection (three-field dissection) for superficial carcinoma of the thoracic esophagusCancer19937210287928828221552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EndoMYoshinoKKawanoTNagaiKInoueHClinicopathologic analysis of lymph node metastasis in surgically resected superficial cancer of the thoracic esophagusDis Esophagus200013212512914601903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KlevebroFEkmanSNilssonMCurrent trends in multimodality treatment of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer – review articleSurg Oncol201726329029528807249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar