Early or deferred treatment of smoldering multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis on randomized controlled studies

References

• Muchtar E, Kumar SK, Magen H, Gertz MA. Diagnosis and management of smoldering multiple myeloma: the razor’s edge between clonality and cancer. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59(2):288–299.28592156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindran A, Bartley AC, Holton SJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence and survival of smoldering multiple myeloma in the United States. Blood Cancer J. 2016;6(10):e486. doi:10.1038/bcj.2016.10027768092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Katzmann JA, et al. Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. Blood. 2008;111(2):785–789. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-08-10835717942755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrig R, Klausen TW, Salomo M, et al. Smoldering multiple myeloma risk factors for progression: a Danish population-based cohort study. Eur J Haematol. 2016;97(3):303–309. doi:10.1111/ejh.1272826710662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman AJ, Mick R, Garfall AL, et al. Classifying ultra-high risk smoldering myeloma. Leukemia. 2015;29(3):751–753. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.31325371175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan R, Dhodapkar M, Rosenthal A, et al. Four genes predict high risk of progression from smoldering to symptomatic multiple myeloma (SWOG S0120). Haematologica. 2015;100(9):1214–1221. doi:10.3324/haematol.2015.12465126022710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajek R, Sandecka V, Seckinger A, et al. Prediction of progression of smouldering into therapy requiring multiple myeloma by easily accessible clinical factors [in 527 patients]. Blood. 2014;124(21). ISSN:00064971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neben K, Jauch A, Hielscher T, et al. Progression in smoldering myeloma is independently determined by the chromosomal abnormalities del(17p), t(4;14), gain 1q, hyperdiploidy, and tumor load. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(34):4325–4332. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.48.492324145347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Persona E, Vidriales MB, Mateo G, et al. New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells. Blood. 2007;110(7):2586–2592. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-05-08844317576818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle RA, Remstein ED, Therneau TM, et al. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(25):2582–2590. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa07038917582068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccardi A, Mora O, Tinelli C, et al. Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study. Cooperative group of study and treatment of multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(7):1254–1260. doi:10.1054/bjoc.1999.108710755397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccardi A, Ucci G, Luoni R, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma according to the extension of the disease: a prospective, randomised study comparing a less with a more aggressive cystostatic policy. Cooperative group of study and treatment of multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer. 1994;70(6):1203–1210. doi:10.1038/bjc.1994.4747981078
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hjorth M, Hellquist L, Holmberg E, Magnusson B, Rodjer S, Westin J. Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I - A randomized study. Eur J Haematol. 1993;50(2):95–102.8440364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Wheatley K, Clark O, Glasmacher A, Ross H, Djulbegovic B. Early versus deferred treatment for early stage multiple myeloma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–341. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.00720171303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brighton T, Khot A, Harrison SJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of siltuximab in high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. Epub 2019 Mar 19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Hernandez MT, Giraldo P, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus observation in patients with high-risk smouldering multiple myeloma (QuiRedex): long-term follow-up of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(8):1127‐1136. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30124-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzig TE, Laumann KM, Lacy MQ, et al. A phase III randomized trial of thalidomide plus zoledronic acid versus zoledronic acid alone in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2013;27(1):220–225. doi:10.1038/leu.2012.23622902362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Arena G, Gobbi PG, Broglia C, et al. Pamidronate versus observation in asymptomatic myeloma: final results with long-term follow-up of a randomized study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52(5):771‐775. doi:10.3109/10428194.2010.535182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto P, Petrucci MT, Bringhen S, et al. A multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing zoledronic acid versus observation in patients with asymptomatic myeloma. Cancer. 2008;113(7):1588‐1595. doi:10.1002/cncr.23873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín A, García-Sanz R, Hernández J, et al. Pamidronate induces bone formation in patients with smouldering or indolent myeloma, with no significant anti-tumour effect. Br J Haematol. 2002;118(1):239–242. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03549.x12100153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detweiler-Short K, Hayman S, Gertz MA, et al. Long-term results of single-agent thalidomide as initial therapy for asymptomatic (smoldering or indolent) myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2010;85(10):737–740. doi:10.1002/ajh.2182120730790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, van Rhee F, Shaughnessy JD Jr., et al. Seven-year median time to progression with thalidomide for smoldering myeloma: partial response identifies subset requiring earlier salvage therapy for symptomatic disease. Blood. 2008;112(8):3122–3125. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-06-16422818669874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(1):16–19. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.03.13912506164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Hernández MT, Giraldo P, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(5):438–447. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa130043923902483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao M, Yang G, Tompkins VS, et al. Early versus deferred treatment for smoldering multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e109758.25279718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle RA, San-Miguel JF, Mateos MV, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2014;28(5):775–790. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2014.06.00525212882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto P, Anderson KC, Attal M, et al. Second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma: an overview and IMWG consensus. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(2):228–245. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw60627864218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar