Pre-treatment inflammatory biomarkers predict early treatment response and favorable survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who underwent first line cetuximab plus chemotherapy

References

• Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Lang I, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2011–2019. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.509121502544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stintzing S, Modest DP, Rossius L, et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a post-hoc analysis of tumour dynamics in the final RAS wild-type subgroup of this randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:1426–1434. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30269-827575024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, et al. Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in patients with KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:2392–2401. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.710528632865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin S, Li J, Wang L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of first-line cetuximab plus leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX-4) versus FOLFOX-4 in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: the open-label, randomized, Phase III TAILOR trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(30):3031–3039. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.3183.
   Google Scholar
• Oda K, Matsuoka Y, Funahashi A, Kitano H. A comprehensive pathway map of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Mol Syst Biol. 2005;1:2005 0010. doi:10.1038/msb4100014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonesaka K, Zejnullahu K, Okamoto I, et al. Activation of ERBB2 signaling causes resistance to the EGFR-directed therapeutic antibody cetuximab. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:99ra86. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Cancer and inflammation: implications for pharmacology and therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87:401–406. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.31220200512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diakos CI, Charles KA, McMillan DC, Clarke SJ. Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e493–e503. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70263-325281468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua W, Charles KA, Baracos VE, Clarke SJ, Baracos VE, Clarke SJ. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio predicts chemotherapy outcomes in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2011;104:1288–1295. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.10021448173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Absenger G, Szkandera J, Pichler M, et al. A derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts clinical outcome in stage II and III colon cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:395–400. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.34623820252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke S, Burge M, Cordwell C, Gibbs P, Reece W, Tebbutt N. An Australian translational study to evaluate the prognostic role of inflammatory markers in patients with metastatic ColorEctal caNcer Treated with bevacizumab (Avastin) [ASCENT]. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:120. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-12023497305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Jia H, Yu W, et al. Nomograms for predicting prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in colorectal cancer patients after radical resection. Int J Cancer. 2016;139:220–231. doi:10.1002/ijc.3007126933932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Li C, Zhao J, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios predict chemotherapy outcomes and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastasis. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14:289. doi:10.1186/s12957-016-1044-927852294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim IH, Lee JE, Yang JH, Jeong JW, Ro S, Lee MA. Clinical significance of changes in systemic inflammatory markers and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in predicting metastatic colorectal cancer prognosis and chemotherapy response. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2018;14:239–246. doi:10.1111/ajco.1278429044941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Visser KE, Jonkers J. Towards understanding the role of cancer-associated inflammation in chemoresistance. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:1844–1853. doi:10.2174/13816120978845323919519427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinushi M, Komohara Y. Tumor-associated macrophages as an emerging target against tumors: creating a new path from bench to bedside. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1855:123–130. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.00225595840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive KP. Fanning the flames of cancer chemoresistance: inflammation and anticancer therapy. J Oncol Pract. 2017;13:181–183. doi:10.1200/JOP.2017.02115428282273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson RD, Elkin M, Rapraeger AC, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase regulation of cancer, autophagy and inflammation: new mechanisms and targets for therapy. FEBS J. 2017;284:42–55. doi:10.1111/febs.1393227758044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Glabbeke M, Verweij J, Casali PG, et al. Initial and late resistance to imatinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors are predicted by different prognostic factors: a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Italian Sarcoma Group-Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5795–5804. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.11.60116110036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Hu P, Du J, Wang X. Predictive value of inflammatory indexes on the chemotherapeutic response in patients with unresectable lung cancer: a retrospective study. Oncol Lett. 2018;15:4017–4025. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.778129467910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Aquila E, Cremolini C, Zeppola T, et al. Prognostic and predictive role of neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio in metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective analysis of the TRIBE study by GONO. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:924–930. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy00429324972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Guo X, Wang M, Ma X, Ye X, Lin P. Pre-treatment inflammatory indexes as predictors of survival and cetuximab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with wild-type RAS. Sci Rep. 2017;7:17166. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17130-629215037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe H, Okada M, Kaji Y, et al. [New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours-revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2009;36:2495–2501.20009446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002;420:860–867. doi:10.1038/nature0132212490959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxburgh CS, McMillan DC. Role of systemic inflammatory response in predicting survival in patients with primary operable cancer. Future Oncol. 2010;6:149–163. doi:10.2217/fon.09.13620021215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto W, Kashiwagi S, Asano Y, et al. Predictive value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in the preoperative setting for progression of patients with breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:1137. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4242-830453914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Xu H, Guo X, et al. Pretreatment inflammatory indexes as prognostic predictors for survival in colorectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Sci Rep. 2018;8:3044. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21093-729445100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng Q, He B, Liu X, et al. Prognostic value of pre-operative inflammatory response biomarkers in gastric cancer patients and the construction of a predictive model. J Transl Med. 2015;13:66. doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0541-x25885254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools-Lartigue J, Spicer J, McDonald B, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps sequester circulating tumor cells and promote metastasis. J Clin Invest. 2013. doi:10.1172/JCI67484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi L, Santoni M, Crabb SJ, et al. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio persistent during first-line chemotherapy predicts poor clinical outcome in patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:1377–1384. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4097-425234022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labelle M, Begum S, Hynes RO. Direct signaling between platelets and cancer cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition and promotes metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2011;20:576–590. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.00922094253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Giorgi U, Mego M, Scarpi E, et al. Relationship between lymphocytopenia and circulating tumor cells as prognostic factors for overall survival in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2012;12:264–269. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2012.04.00422591634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szkandera J, Pichler M, Absenger G, et al. The elevated preoperative platelet to lymphocyte ratio predicts decreased time to recurrence in colon cancer patients. Am J Surg. 2014;208:210–214. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.10.03024581872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passardi A, Scarpi E, Cavanna L, et al. Inflammatory indexes as predictors of prognosis and bevacizumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:33210–33219. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.890127120807
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azab B, Shah N, Radbel J, et al. Pretreatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is superior to platelet/lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of long-term mortality in breast cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2013;30:432. doi:10.1007/s12032-012-0432-423283648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou ZY, Liu HL, Ning N, Li SY, Du XH, Li R. Clinical significance of pre-operative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio as prognostic factors for patients with colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett. 2016;11:2241–2248. doi:10.3892/ol.2016.421626998156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa T, Ishihara S, Kawai K, et al. Impact of a lymphocyte to monocyte ratio in stage IV colorectal cancer. J Surg Res. 2015;199:386–392. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.01426163330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying HQ, Deng QW, He BS, et al. The prognostic value of preoperative NLR, d-NLR, PLR and LMR for predicting clinical outcome in surgical colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2014;31:305. doi:10.1007/s12032-014-0374-025355641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng JF, Chen S, Yang X. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a useful prognostic indicator for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Medicine. 2017;96:e5886. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000588628121932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong X, Cui B, Wang M, Yang Z, Wang L, Xu Q. Systemic immune-inflammation index, based on platelet counts and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, is useful for predicting prognosis in small cell lung cancer. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2015;236:297–304. doi:10.1620/tjem.236.29726250537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Liu S, Lei Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index, thymidine phosphorylase and survival of localized gastric cancer patients after curative resection. Oncotarget. 2016;7:44185–44193. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.992327283904
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrie HT, Klassen LW, Kay HD. Inhibition of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in vitro by autologous peripheral blood granulocytes. J Immunol. 1985;134(1):230–234.3871101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Hag A, Clark RA. Immunosuppression by activated human neutrophils. Dependence on the myeloperoxidase system. J Immunol. 1987;139(7):2406–2413.2821114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Oh SY, Kim SH, et al. Prognostic significance of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio in advanced gastric cancer patients treated with FOLFOX chemotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:350. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-35023876227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azab B, Jaglall N, Atallah JP, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of adverse outcomes of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2011;11(4):445–452. doi:10.1159/00033149421968329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar