The Characteristics of Tumor Microenvironment in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

References

• Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394. doi:10.3322/caac.21492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantis CE, Ma J, Gaudet MM, et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(6):438–451. doi:10.3322/caac.21583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heer E, Harper A, Escandor N, et al. Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(8):1027–1037. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30215-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang H, Li H, Xie Z, et al. Quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence analysis identifies infiltratingPD1(+)CD8(+)and CD8(+)T cells as predictive of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Thorac Cancer. 2020;11(10):2941–2954. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.13639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO. Basal-like breast cancer: a critical review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2568–2581. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.1748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irshad S, Ellis P, Tutt A. Molecular heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer and its clinical implications. Curr Opin Oncol. 2011;23(6):566–577. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e32834bf8ae
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakoff SJ. Triple-negative breast cancer: role of specific chemotherapy agents. Cancer J. 2010;16(1):53–61. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181d24ff7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdiguero EG, Geissmann F. Identifying the infiltrators. Science. 2014;344(6186):801–802. doi:10.1126/science.1255117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Zhang Z, Wang Z, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol. 2016;18(5):497–506. doi:10.1007/s12094-015-1391-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denkert C, Loibl S, Noske A, et al. Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):105–113. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P. Immune checkpoint therapy as a weapon against cancer. Cancer J. 2016;22(2):67. doi:10.1097/PPO.0000000000000184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Bae J. Tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils in tumor microenvironment. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:6058147. doi:10.1155/2016/6058147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa A, Kieffer Y, Scholer-Dahirel A, et al. Fibroblast heterogeneity and immunosuppressive environment in human breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(3):463. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoni M, Romagnoli E, Saladino T, et al. Triple negative breast cancer: key role of tumor-associated macrophages in regulating the activity of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2018;1869(1):78–84. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Q, Li B, Li Z, et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes: key players in breast cancer progression. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1):1–15. doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0778-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfinejad P, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Abdoli Shadbad M, et al. Prognostic role and clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;10(9). doi:10.3390/diagnostics10090704
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahin Ozkan H, Ugurlu MU, Yumuk PF, et al. Prognostic role of immune markers in triple negative breast carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res. 2020;26(4):2733–2745. doi:10.1007/s12253-020-00874-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julia EP, Mordoh J, Mariel Levy E. Cetuximab and IL-15 promote NK and dendritic cell activation in vitro in triple negative breast cancer. Cells. 2020;9(7):1573. doi:10.3390/cells9071573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deepak KGK, Vempati R, Nagaraju GP, et al. Tumor microenvironment: challenges and opportunities in targeting metastasis of triple negative breast cancer. Pharmacol Res. 2020;153:104683. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchini G, Balko JM, Mayer IA, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13(11):674–690. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Ahn JH, Kim SB. How shall we treat early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): from the current standard to upcoming immuno-molecular strategies. ESMO Open. 2018;3(Suppl 1):e000357. doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud SMA, Paish EC, Powe DG, et al. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):1949–1955. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.5037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams S, Gray RJ, Demaria S, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers from two Phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27):2959–2966. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.55.0491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loi S, Michiels S, Salgado R, et al. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are prognostic in triple negative breast cancer and predictive for trastuzumab benefit in early breast cancer: results from the FinHER trial. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(8):1544–1550. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton SE, Adams S, Disis ML. Variation in the incidence and magnitude of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer subtypes: a systematic review. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(10):1354–1360. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruneri G, Vingiani A, Bagnardi V, et al. Clinical validity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes analysis in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(2):249–256. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon-Ferre RA, Polley M-Y, Liu H, et al. Impact of histopathology, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and adjuvant chemotherapy on prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;167(1):89–99. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4499-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Kim DM, Lee A. Prognostic role and clinical association of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, programmed death ligand-1 expression with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(2):649–663. doi:10.4143/crt.2018.270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku YJ, Kim HH, Cha JH, et al. Correlation between MRI and the level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Roentgenol. 2016;207(5):1146–1151. doi:10.2214/AJR.16.16248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Qu Q, Chen X, et al. The prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravelli A, Roviello G, Cretella D, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and breast cancer: beyond the prognostic and predictive utility. Tumour Biol. 2017;39(4):1010428317695023. doi:10.1177/1010428317695023
   Google Scholar
• Denkert C, von Minckwitz G, Darb-Esfahani S, et al. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of 3771 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(1):40–50. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30904-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong D, Zhang F, Zhong L-Z, et al. Development and validation of a novel MR imaging predictor of response to induction chemotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: a randomized controlled trial substudy (NCT01245959). BMC Med. 2019;17(1):190. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1422-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badiu DC, Zgura A, Gales L, et al. Modulation of immune system – strategy in the treatment of breast cancer. In Vivo (Brooklyn). 2021;35(5):2889–2894. doi:10.21873/invivo.12578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, et al. Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer registry. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1721–1728. doi:10.1002/cncr.22618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore OJ, Foote FJ. The relatively favorable prognosis of medullary carcinoma of the breast. Cancer. 1949;2(4):635–642. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(194907)2:4<635::AID-CNCR2820020411>3.0.CO;2-Q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emens LA. Breast cancer immunobiology driving immunotherapy: vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012;12(12):1597–1611. doi:10.1586/era.12.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galon J, Angell H, Bedognetti D, et al. The continuum of cancer immunosurveillance: prognostic, predictive, and mechanistic signatures. Immunity. 2013;39(1):11–26. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West NR, Kost SE, Martin SD, et al. Tumour-infiltrating FOXP3(+) lymphocytes are associated with cytotoxic immune responses and good clinical outcome in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(1):155–162. doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y. A rogue Foxp3 mutant undermines treg cell function. Immunity. 2017;47(2):211–214. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Lang R, Zhao J, et al. CD8+ cytotoxic T cell and FOXP3+ regulatory T cell infiltration in relation to breast cancer survival and molecular subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;130(2):645–655. doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1647-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Lachapelle J, Leung S, et al. CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration is an independent favorable prognostic indicator in basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(2):R48. doi:10.1186/bcr3148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song IH, Heo S-H, Bang WS, et al. Predictive value of tertiary lymphoid structures assessed by high endothelial venule counts in the neoadjuvant setting of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(2):399–407. doi:10.4143/crt.2016.215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez K, Page D, McArthur HL. Immunotherapy in breast cancer: an overview of modern checkpoint blockade strategies and vaccines. Curr Probl Cancer. 2016;40(2–4):151–162. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2016.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovgaard ES, Nielsen D, Hogdall E, et al. Triple negative breast cancer - prognostic role of immune-related factors: a systematic review. Acta Oncol. 2018;57(1):74–82. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2017.1400180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates GJ, Fox SB, Han C, et al. Quantification of regulatory T cells enables the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients and those at risk of late relapse. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(34):5373–5380. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.05.9584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Cho EY, Park YH, et al. Prognostic impact of FOXP3 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 2013;52(1):73–81. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2012.731520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton SE, Disis ML. Clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2016;4(1):59. doi:10.1186/s40425-016-0165-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyashita M, Sasano H, Tamaki K, et al. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and FOXP3+ lymphocytes in residual tumors and alterations in these parameters after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective multicenter study. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17(1):124. doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0632-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Ying J, Li J, et al. Aberrant promoter methylation of DLEC1, a critical 3p22 tumor suppressor for renal cell carcinoma, is associated with more advanced tumor stage. J Urol. 2010;184(2):731–737. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Coussens LM. Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell. 2012;21(3):309–322. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Ma L. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in the development, metastasis and treatment of breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2020;216(9):153085. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2020.153085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allavena P, Mantovani A. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: tumour-associated macrophages: undisputed stars of the inflammatory tumour microenvironment. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;167(2):195–205. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04515.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan ZY, Luo R-Z, Peng R-J, et al. High infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in triple-negative breast cancer is associated with a higher risk of distant metastasis. Onco Targets Ther. 2014;7:1475–1480. doi:10.2147/OTT.S61838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami E, Paul BT, Koziol JA, et al. The immunosuppressive microenvironment in BRCA1-IRIS-overexpressing TNBC tumors is induced by bidirectional interaction with tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Res. 2020;80(5):1102–1117. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-2374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laoui D, Movahedi K, Van Overmeire E, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: distinct subsets, distinct functions. Int J Dev Biol. 2011;55(7–9):861–867. doi:10.1387/ijdb.113371dl
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annaratone L, Cascardi E, Vissio E, et al. The multifaceted nature of tumor microenvironment in breast carcinomas. Pathobiology. 2020;87(2):125–142. doi:10.1159/000507055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffelt SB, Hughes R, Lewis CE. Tumor-associated macrophages: effectors of angiogenesis and tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1796(1):11–18. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding M, Fu X, Tan H, et al. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor C expression in tumor-associated macrophages on lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2012;6(5):1023–1029. doi:10.3892/mmr.2012.1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud SM, Lee AHS, Paish EC, et al. Tumour-infiltrating macrophages and clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2012;65(2):159–163. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Wang D, Ali L, et al. Intraepithelial T cells and tumor-associated macrophages in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Immun. 2013;13:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen KY, Song Y-C, Chen I-H, et al. Depletion of tumor-associated macrophages enhances the anti-tumor immunity induced by a Toll-like receptor agonist-conjugated peptide. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(11):3241–3250. doi:10.4161/hv.29275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamoshida G, Ogawa T, Oyanagi J, et al. Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion from tumor-associated macrophage-like cells by proteolytically processed laminin-332 (laminin-5). Clin Exp Metastasis. 2014;31(3):285–291. doi:10.1007/s10585-013-9627-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollmén M, Roudnicky F, Karaman S, et al. Characterization of macrophage–cancer cell crosstalk in estrogen receptor positive and triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9188. doi:10.1038/srep09188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiga K, Hara M, Nagasaki T, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: their characteristics and their roles in tumor growth. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7(4):2443–2458. doi:10.3390/cancers7040902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu T, Di G. Role of tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer and its prognostic significance. Chin J Cancer Res. 2017;29(3):237–252. doi:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.03.10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dotto GP, Weinberg RA, Ariza A. Malignant transformation of mouse primary keratinocytes by Harvey sarcoma virus and its modulation by surrounding normal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(17):6389–6393. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.17.6389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalluri R, Zeisberg M. Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(5):392–401. doi:10.1038/nrc1877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Keller ET, Garfield DH, et al. Stromal cells in tumor microenvironment and breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2013;32(1–2):303–315. doi:10.1007/s10555-012-9415-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo H, Tu G, Liu Z, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: a multifaceted driver of breast cancer progression. Cancer Lett. 2015;361(2):155–163. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gascard P, Tlsty TD. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts: orchestrating the composition of malignancy. Genes Dev. 2016;30(9):1002–1019. doi:10.1101/gad.279737.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentric G, Mieulet V, Mechta-Grigoriou F. Heterogeneity in cancer metabolism: new concepts in an old field. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017;26(9):462–485. doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magesh P, Thankachan S, Venkatesh T, et al. Breast cancer fibroblasts and cross-talk. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;521:158–169. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Zhang J, Huang Y, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts autophagy enhances progression of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:3904–3912. doi:10.12659/MSM.902870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai K, Le A, Weaver VM, et al. Targeting the cancer-associated fibroblasts as a treatment in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(50):82889–82901. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camp JT, Elloumi F, Roman-Perez E, et al. Interactions with fibroblasts are distinct in Basal-like and luminal breast cancers. Mol Cancer Res. 2011;9(1):3–13. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-10-0372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allaoui R, Bergenfelz C, Mohlin S, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted CXCL16 attracts monocytes to promote stroma activation in triple-negative breast cancers. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):13050. doi:10.1038/ncomms13050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Costantini C, et al. Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(8):519–531. doi:10.1038/nri3024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Zhang H, Onuma AE, Tsung A. Neutrophil elastase and neutrophil extracellular traps in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1263:13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaraj S, Schrum AG, Cho H-I, et al. Mechanism of T cell tolerance induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Immunol. 2010;184(6):3106–3116. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablonska J, Leschner S, Westphal K, et al. Neutrophils responsive to endogenous IFN-beta regulate tumor angiogenesis and growth in a mouse tumor model. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(4):1151–1164. doi:10.1172/JCI37223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droeser RA, Hirt C, Eppenberger-Castori S, et al. High myeloperoxidase positive cell infiltration in colorectal cancer is an independent favorable prognostic factor. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64814. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymaszewski AL, Tate E, Yimbesalu JP, et al. The role of neutrophil myeloperoxidase in models of lung tumor development. Cancers (Basel). 2014;6(2):1111–1127. doi:10.3390/cancers6021111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queen MM, Ryan RE, Ryan GH, et al. Breast cancer cells stimulate neutrophils to produce oncostatin M: potential implications for tumor progression. Cancer Res. 2005;65(19):8896–8904. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamessier E, Sylvain A, Bertucci F, et al. Human breast tumor cells induce self-tolerance mechanisms to avoid NKG2D-mediated and DNAM-mediated NK cell recognition. Cancer Res. 2011;71(21):6621–6632. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance DM, Johanna S, Joshy G. An expression signature for p53 status in human breast cancer predicts mutation status, transcriptional effects, and patient survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(38):13550–13555. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506230102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmedt C, Piette F, Loi S, et al. Strong time dependence of the 76-gene prognostic signature for node-negative breast cancer patients in the TRANSBIG multicenter independent validation series. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(11):3207–3214. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisaki K, Fujimoto H, Sangai T, et al. Cancer-mediated adipose reversion promotes cancer cell migration via IL-6 and MCP-1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;150(2):255–263. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3318-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirat B, Bochet L, Dabek M, et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes exhibit an activated phenotype and contribute to breast cancer invasion. Cancer Res. 2011;71(7):2455–2465. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Esposito V, Liguoro D, Ambrosio MR, et al. Adipose microenvironment promotes triple negative breast cancer cell invasiveness and dissemination by producing CCL5. Oncotarget. 2016;7(17):24495–24509. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Palma M, Biziato D, Petrova TV. Microenvironmental regulation of tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17(8):457–474. doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bochet L, Meulle A, Imbert S, et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes promotes breast tumor radioresistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;411(1):102–106. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaban S, Shearer RF, Lee LS, et al. Adipocyte lipolysis links obesity to breast cancer growth: adipocyte-derived fatty acids drive breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Cancer Metab. 2017;5(1):1. doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0163-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casbas-Hernandez P, Sun X, Roman-Perez E, et al. Tumor intrinsic subtype is reflected in cancer-adjacent tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(2):406–414. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore-Savard L, Lee E, Kakkad S, et al. The angiogenic secretome in VEGF overexpressing breast cancer xenografts. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):39460. doi:10.1038/srep39460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welti J, Loges S, Dimmeler S, et al. Recent molecular discoveries in angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapies in cancer. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(8):3190–3200. doi:10.1172/JCI70212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature. 1992;359(6398):843–845. doi:10.1038/359843a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, et al. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17(7):347–362. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature. 2000;407(6801):249–257. doi:10.1038/35025220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Zhang J, Xu B, et al. Multicenter Phase II study of apatinib, a novel VEGFR inhibitor in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(8):1961–1969. doi:10.1002/ijc.28829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF. Tumors: wounds that do not heal-redux. Cancer Immunol Res. 2015;3(1):1–11. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sa-Nguanraksa D, Chuangsuwanich T, Pongpruttipan T, et al. High vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression predicts poor outcome in patients with non-luminal A breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol. 2015;3(5):1103–1108. doi:10.3892/mco.2015.574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linderholm BK, Hellborg H, Johansson U, et al. Significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and shorter survival times for patients with primary operable triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(10):1639–1646. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TH, Avraham HK, Jiang S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor modulates the transendothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through regulation of brain microvascular endothelial cell permeability. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(7):5277–5284. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210063200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender RJ, Mac GF, Schönbach C. Expression of VEGF and semaphorin genes define subgroups of triple negative breast cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e61788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zeng Y, Qu Q, et al. PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ from tumor-associated macrophages via the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways promoted progression of lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2017;22(6):1026–1033. doi:10.1007/s10147-017-1161-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, et al. IFN-γ-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(8):2930–2940. doi:10.1172/JCI91190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen H, Chen X, et al. Expression of tumor-related macrophages and cytokines after surgery of triple-negative breast cancer patients and its implications. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:115–120. doi:10.12659/MSM.895386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ZC, Poage GM, den Hollander P, et al. Growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells relies upon coordinate autocrine expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Cancer Res. 2013;73(11):3470–3480. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4524-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin K, Pandey NB, Popel AS. Crosstalk between stromal components and tumor cells of TNBC via secreted factors enhances tumor growth and metastasis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(36):60210–60222. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudis CA, Gianni L. Triple-negative breast cancer: an unmet medical need. Oncologist. 2011;16(Suppl 1):1–11. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-S1-01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E, Fertig EJ, Jin K, et al. Breast cancer cells condition lymphatic endothelial cells within pre-metastatic niches to promote metastasis. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):4715. doi:10.1038/ncomms5715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long X, Ye Y, Zhang L, et al. IL-8, a novel messenger to cross-link inflammation and tumor EMT via autocrine and paracrine pathways (Review). Int J Oncol. 2016;48(1):5–12. doi:10.3892/ijo.2015.3234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Huang J, Ren X, et al. Abrogation of TGF beta signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells that promote metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2008;13(1):23–35. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2007.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuyts A, Van Osselaer N, Haelens A, et al. Characterization of synthetic human granulocyte chemotactic protein 2:  usage of chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 and in vivo inflammatory properties. Biochemistry. 1997;36(9):2716–2723. doi:10.1021/bi961999z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson S, Wilkinson G, Milligan G. The CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors form constitutive homo- and heterodimers selectively and with equal apparent affinities. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(31):28663–28674. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413475200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saintigny P, Massarelli E, Lin S, et al. CXCR2 expression in tumor cells is a poor prognostic factor and promotes invasion and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2013;73(2):571–582. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuntharapai A, Kim KJ. Regulation of the expression of IL-8 receptor A/B by IL-8: possible functions of each receptor. J Immunol. 1995;155(5):2587–2594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(7):540–550. doi:10.1038/nrc1388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann TA. The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2015;3(3):219–227. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-15-0009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish GH, Sinclair LV, Cantrell DA. Differential regulation of T-cell growth by IL-2 and IL-15. Blood. 2006;108(2):600–608. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-12-4827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlazzo G, Pack M, Thomas D, et al. Distinct roles of IL-12 and IL-15 in human natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells from secondary lymphoid organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(47):16606–16611. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407522101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anguille S, Van Acker HH, Van den Bergh J, et al. Interleukin-15 dendritic cells harness NK cell cytotoxic effector function in a contact- and IL-15-dependent manner. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0123340. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawrocki S, Druszczynska M, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, et al. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) as a target for immune intervention. Acta Biochim Pol. 2016;63(1):59–63. doi:10.18388/abp.2015_1153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbi M, Carbotti G, Ferrini S. Context-dependent role of IL-18 in cancer biology and counter-regulation by IL-18BP. J Leukoc Biol. 2015;97(4):665–675. doi:10.1189/jlb.5RU0714-360RR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan MR, Wu -C-C, Kan J-Y, et al. Impact of FAK expression on the cytotoxic effects of CIK therapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2019;12(1):94. doi:10.3390/cancers12010094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Mi Y, Guo N, et al. Cytokine-induced killer cells as pharmacological tools for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2017;8:774. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Shuaibing W, Beibei Y, et al. Adjuvant treatment for triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective study of immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells in 294 patients. Cancer Biol Med. 2019;16(2):350–360. doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Wolf IG, Lefterova P, Mehta BA, et al. Phenotypic characterization and identification of effector cells involved in tumor cell recognition of cytokine-induced killer cells. Exp Hematol. 1993;21(13):1673–1679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verneris MR, Kornacker M, Mailänder V, et al. Resistance of ex vivo expanded CD3 + CD56 + T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2000;49(6):335–345. doi:10.1007/s002620000111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou ZQ, Zhao -J-J, Pan Q-Z, et al. PD-L1 expression is a predictive biomarker for CIK cell-based immunotherapy in postoperative patients with breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):228. doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0696-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Wang Y, Wei F, et al. Efficiency of cytokine-induced killer cells in combination with chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer. J Breast Cancer. 2018;21(2):150–157. doi:10.4048/jbc.2018.21.2.150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Ji C-Y, Liu G-Q, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of DC/CIK combined with chemotherapy in multiple myeloma and the clinical efficacy. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(10):13146–13155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen MH, Sørensen RB, Brimnes MK, et al. Identification of heme oxygenase-1-specific regulatory CD8+ T cells in cancer patients. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(8):2245–2256. doi:10.1172/JCI38739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hontscha C, Borck Y, Zhou H, et al. Clinical trials on CIK cells: first report of the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(2):305–310. doi:10.1007/s00432-010-0887-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Ren B, Li H, et al. Enhanced antitumor effects of DC-activated CIKs to chemotherapy treatment in a single cohort of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(1):65–73. doi:10.1007/s00262-012-1311-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi L, Zhou Q, Wu J, et al. Efficacy of adjuvant immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer cells in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012;61(12):2251–2259. doi:10.1007/s00262-012-1289-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan K, Guan -X-X, Li Y-Q, et al. Clinical activity of adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy in patients with post-mastectomy triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(11):3003–3011. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Zhang W, Qi X, et al. Randomized study of autologous cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy in metastatic renal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(6):1751–1759. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Wang Y, Kellner DB, et al. Efficacy of RetroNectin-activated cytokine-induced killer cell therapy in the treatment of advanced hepatocelluar carcinoma. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(1):707–714. doi:10.3892/ol.2016.4629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber DL, Nagaraj S, Djeu JY, et al. Mechanism and therapeutic reversal of immune suppression in cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67(11):5067–5069. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YS, Yuan FJ, Jia GF, et al. CIK cells from patients with HCC possess strong cytotoxicity to multidrug-resistant cell line Bel-7402/R. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(22):3339–3345. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i22.3339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Wolf IG, Lefterova P, Johnston V, et al. Sensitivity of multidrug-resistant tumor cell lines to immunologic effector cells. Cell Immunol. 1996;169(1):85–90. doi:10.1006/cimm.1996.0094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangiolo D, Mesiano G, Gammaitoni L, et al. Cytokine-induced killer cells eradicate bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancer Res. 2014;74(1):119–129. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammaitoni L, Giraudo L, Leuci V, et al. Effective activity of cytokine-induced killer cells against autologous metastatic melanoma including cells with stemness features. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(16):4347–4358. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Huang L, Liu L, et al. Selective effect of cytokine-induced killer cells on survival of patients with early-stage melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2017;66(3):299–308. doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1939-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li DP, Li W, Feng J, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with sequential cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in stage IB non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Res. 2015;22(2):67–74. doi:10.3727/096504014X14024160459168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikas P, Borcherding N, Zhang W. The clinical promise of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:6823–6833. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S185176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehraj U, Dar AH, Wani NA, et al. Tumor microenvironment promotes breast cancer chemoresistance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2021;87(2):147–158. doi:10.1007/s00280-020-04222-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Qiu Y, Lu W, et al. Immunotherapeutic interventions of triple negative breast cancer. J Transl Med. 2018;16(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1514-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetin B, Gumusay O. Pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:e108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altundag K. Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(10):986–987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Razazan A, Behravan J. Single peptides and combination modalities for triple negative breast cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(5):4089–4108. doi:10.1002/jcp.29300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner G, Altintas S, Canturk Z, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer-role of immunology: a systemic review. Breast J. 2020;26(5):995–999. doi:10.1111/tbj.13696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittendorf EA, Philips AV, Meric-Bernstam F, et al. PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(4):361–370. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Fei X, Mao Y, et al. PD-1(+) immune cell infiltration inversely correlates with survival of operable breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014;63(4):395–406. doi:10.1007/s00262-014-1519-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Wetherilt CS, Krishnamurti U, et al. Stromal PD-L1 expression is associated with better disease-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;146(4):496–502. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqw134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HM, Lee YK, Koo JS, et al. Expression of PD-L1 in triple-negative breast cancer based on different immunohistochemical antibodies. Virchows Arch. 2016;4691:S55.
   Google Scholar
• Stovgaard ES, Kümler I, List-Jensen K, et al. Prognostic and clinicopathologic associations of LAG-3 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2022;30(1):62–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lotfinejad P, Kazemi T, Mokhtarzadeh A, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 axis importance and tumor microenvironment immune cells. Life Sci. 2020;259:118297. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(4):252–264. doi:10.1038/nrc3239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento C, Urbano AC, Gameiro A, et al. Serum PD-1/PD-L1 levels, tumor expression and PD-L1 somatic mutations in HER2-positive and triple negative normal-like feline mammary carcinoma subtypes. Cancers. 2020;12(6):13866. doi:10.3390/cancers12061386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassardjian A, Shintaku PI, Moatamed NA, Ahmad A. Expression of immune checkpoint regulators, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), in female breast carcinomas. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e01959584. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acs B, Madaras L, Tőkés A-M, et al. PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in pregnancy-related - and in early-onset breast cancer: a comparative study. Breast. 2017;35:69–77. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2017.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh R, Toor SM, Khalaf S, Elkord E. Breast cancer cells and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade upregulate the expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3 and LAG-3 immune checkpoints in CD4(+) T cells. Vaccines. 2019;7:1494. doi:10.3390/vaccines7040149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Z, Su P, Yang Y, et al. Identification of CTLA-4 associated with tumor microenvironment and competing interactions in triple negative breast cancer by co-expression network analysis. J Cancer. 2020;11(21):6365–6375. doi:10.7150/jca.46301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar