The Versatile Functions of G. Lucidum Polysaccharides and G. Lucidum Triterpenes in Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy

References

• AhmadMF. Ganoderma lucidum: a rational pharmacological approach to surmount cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;260:113047. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.11304732504783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangL, LiJQ, ZhangJ, LiZM, LiuHG, WangYZ. Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: a review. RSC Adv. 2020;10(69):42084–42097. doi:10.1039/D0RA07219B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GongT, YanR, KangJ, ChenR. Chemical components of ganoderma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1181:59–106.31677140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuJ, HeR, SunP, ZhangF, LinhardtRJ, ZhangA. Molecular mechanisms of bioactive polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi), a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;150:765–774. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.03532035956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CörD, KnezŽ, Knez HrnčičM. Antitumour, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Terpenoids and Polysaccharides: a Review. Molecules. 2018;23(3):649. doi:10.3390/molecules23030649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ErgunB. Evaluation of antimicrobial, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom). Pak J Pharm Sci. 2017;30(5(Supplementary)):1991–1995.29105633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiLF, LiuHB, ZhangQW, et al. Comprehensive comparison of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and G. sinense: chemical, antitumor, immunomodulating and gut-microbiota modulatory properties. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6172. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22885-729670154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SohretogluD, ZhangC, LuoJ, HuangS. ReishiMax inhibits mTORC1/2 by activating AMPK and inhibiting IGFR/PI3K/Rheb in tumor cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019;4:21. doi:10.1038/s41392-019-0056-731637001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenSD, YongTQ, ZhangYF, HuHP, XieYZ. Inhibitory effect of five Ganoderma species (Agaricomycetes) against key digestive enzymes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(7):703–711. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v21.i7.7031679304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RupeshkumarM, ChettriU, PaarakhPM. Ganoderma lucidum: a review with special emphasis on the treatment of various cancer. J App Pharm. 2016;8(4). doi:10.21065/1920-4159.1000228
   Google Scholar
• CaoW, GuY, MeineckM, XuH. The combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy towards more efficient drug delivery. Chem Asian J. 2014;9(1):48–57. doi:10.1002/asia.20130129424347066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenL, AbuliziA, LiM. Protective effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on radiation and chemotherapy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1182:119–142.31777016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PillaiTG, Uma DeviP. Mushroom beta glucan: potential candidate for post irradiation protection. Mutat Res. 2013;751(2):109–115. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.12.00523277319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OuyangMZ, LinLZ, LvWJ, et al. Effects of the polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum on chemotherapy-related fatigue in mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;91:905–910. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.08427208798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YuH, YangY, JiangT, et al. Effective radiotherapy in tumor assisted by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide-conjugated bismuth sulfide nanoparticles through radiosensitization and dendritic cell activation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11(31):27536–27547. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b0780431294958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangS, PangG, ChenC, et al. Effective cancer immunotherapy by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide-gold nanocomposites through dendritic cell activation and memory T cell response. Carbohydr Polym. 2019;205:192–202. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.02830446095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuJ, LiD, ChenQ, et al. Anti-breast cancer enhancement of a polysaccharide from spore of Ganoderma lucidum with paclitaxel: suppression on tumor metabolism with gut microbiota reshaping. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:3099. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.0309930619178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiD, GaoL, LiM, et al. Polysaccharide from spore of Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates paclitaxel-induced intestinal barrier injury: apoptosis inhibition by reversing microtubule polymerization. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;130:110539. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.11053932768880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuXL, LiuJH, LiWD, LinZB. Promotion of myelopoiesis in myelosuppressed mice by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:20. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.0002022403542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SminaTP, MauryaDK, DevasagayamTP, JanardhananKK. Protection of radiation induced DNA and membrane damages by total triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. Chem Biol Interact. 2015;233:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.01925824410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SminaTP, JosephJ, JanardhananKK. Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent γ-radiation induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice in vivo. Redox Rep. 2016;21(6):254–261. doi:10.1080/13510002.2015.112609826817677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SlivaD, LoganathanJ, JiangJ, et al. Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum prevents colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mice. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47873. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.004787323118901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YueQX, XieFB, GuanSH, et al. Interaction of Ganoderma triterpenes with doxorubicin and proteomic characterization of the possible molecular targets of Ganoderma triterpenes. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(7):1461–1470. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00824.x18422750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangDH, WengXC. [Antitumor activity of extracts of Ganoderma lucidum and their protective effects on damaged HL-7702 cells induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 2006;31(19):1618–1622. Chinese.17165589
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HuhS, LeeS, ChoiSJ, et al. Quercetin synergistically inhibit EBV-associated gastric carcinoma with Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Molecules. 2019;24(21):3834. doi:10.3390/molecules24213834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuDL, LiYJ, YangDH, et al. Ganoderma lucidum derived ganoderenic acid B reverses ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance in HepG2/ADM cells. Int J Oncol. 2015;46(5):2029–2038. doi:10.3892/ijo.2015.292525779097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuangSR, ChenSL, TsaiJH, et al. Effect of citronellol and the Chinese medical herb complex on cellular immunity of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Phytother Res. 2009;23(6):785–790. doi:10.1002/ptr.262319145638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaoY, XuX, LiuS, HuangL, GuJ. Ganoderma: a cancer immunotherapy review. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1217. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.0121730410443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YinR, LiT, TianJX, XiP, LiuRH. Ursolic acid, a potential anticancer compound for breast cancer therapy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(4):568–574. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.120375527469428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorellaR, FortiL, GibelliniL, et al. Synthesis and anticancer activity of CDDO and CDDO-me, two derivatives of natural triterpenoids. Molecules. 2019;24(22):4097. doi:10.3390/molecules24224097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CheongDHJ, ArfusoF, SethiG, et al. Molecular targets and anti-cancer potential of escin. Cancer Lett. 2018;422:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.02729474858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaoY, ZhouS, ChenG, DaiX, YeJ. A phase I/II study of a (Curt.: fr.) P. Karst. Extract () in patients with advanced cancer. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(5):690.12732669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaoY, ZhouS, JiangW, HuangM, DaiX. Effects of ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest. 2003;32(3):201–215. doi:10.1081/IMM-12002297912916709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TangW, GaoY, ChenG, et al. A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study of a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract in neurasthenia. J Med Food. 2005;8(1):53–58. doi:10.1089/jmf.2005.8.5315857210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhongL, JiangD, WangQ. [Effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss ex Fr) Karst compound on the proliferation and differentiation of K562 leukemic cells]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao = Hunan Yike Daxue Xuebao = Bulletin of Hunan Medical University. 1999;24(6):521–524. Chinese.12080710
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JinX, Ruiz BeguerieJ, SzeDM, ChanGC. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD007731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UnluA, NayirE, KircaO, OzdoganM. Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi Mushroom) and cancer. J BUON. 2016;21(4):792–798.27685898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XieYZ, YangF, TanW, et al. The anti-cancer components of Ganoderma lucidum possesses cardiovascular protective effect by regulating circular RNA expression. Oncoscience. 2016;3(7–8):203–207. doi:10.18632/oncoscience.31627713910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LiuGQ, ZhangKC. Mechanisms of the anticancer action of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.: a new understanding. 物学报(英文版). 2005;47(2):129–135.
   Google Scholar
• SeleenJ, ChenAW. Potential benefits of Ling Zhi or Reishi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) to breast cancer patients. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2007;9(1):29–38. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v9.i1.40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiangC, TianD, LiuY, et al. Review of the molecular mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids: ganoderic acids A, C2, D, F, DM, X and Y. Eur J Med Chem. 2019;174:130–141. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.03931035236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaB, RenW, ZhouY, MaJ, RuanY, WenCN. Triterpenoids from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. N Am J Med Sci. 2011;3(11):495–498. doi:10.4297/najms.2011.349522361494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• XiaQ, ZhangH, SunX, et al. A comprehensive review of the structure elucidation and biological activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma spp. Molecules. 2014;19(11):17478–17535. doi:10.3390/molecules19111747825361420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BabyS, JohnsonAJ, GovindanB. Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma. Phytochemistry. 2015;114:66–101. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.01025975187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuY, ZhangJ, TangQ, et al. Physicochemical characterization of a high molecular weight bioactive β-D-glucan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;101:968–974. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.02424299863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar