249
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Advanced medullary thyroid cancer: pathophysiology and management

, , &
Pages 57-66 | Published online: 08 May 2013

References

  • HazardJBHawkWACrileGJrMedullary (solid) carcinoma of the thyroid; a clinicopathologic entityJ Clin Endocrinol Metab195919115216113620740
  • DaviesLWelchHGIncreasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973–2002JAMA2006295182164216716684987
  • Laure GiraudetAAl GhulzanAAupérinAProgression of medullary thyroid carcinoma: assessment with calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling timesEur J Endocrinol2008158223924618230832
  • MeijerJAle CessieSvan den HoutWBCalcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times as prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a structured meta-analysisClin Endocrinol (Oxf)201072453454219563448
  • GirelliMENacamulliDPelizzoMRMedullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical features and long-term follow-up of seventy-eight patients treated between 1969 and 1986Thyroid1998865175239669290
  • ModiglianiECohenRCamposJMPrognostic factors for survival and for biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients. The GETC Study Group. Groupe d’étude des tumeurs à calcitonineClin Endocrinol (Oxf)19984832652739578814
  • GillilandFDHuntWCMorrisDMKeyCRPrognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma. A population-based study of 15,698 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973–1991Cancer19977935645739028369
  • SaadMFOrdonezNGRashidRKMedullary carcinoma of the thyroid. A study of the clinical features and prognostic factors in 161 patientsMedicine (Baltimore)19846363193426503683
  • SteinerAGoodmanAPowersSStudy of a kindred with pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism and Cushing’s disease: multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2Medicine (Baltimore)19684753714094386574
  • PelizzoMRBoschinIMBernantePNatural history, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: 37 years experience on 157 patientsEur J Surg Oncol200733449349717125960
  • EngCClaytonDSchuffeneckerIThe relationship between specific RET proto-oncogene mutations and disease phenotype in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. International RET Mutation Consortium analysisJAMA199627619157515798918855
  • MulliganLMMarshDJRobinsonBGGenotype-phenotype correlation in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: report of the International RET Mutation ConsortiumJ Intern Med199523843433467595170
  • DeckerRAPeacockMLWatsonPHirschsprung disease in MEN 2A: increased spectrum of RET exon 10 genotypes and strong genotype-phenotype correlationHum Mol Genet1998711291349384613
  • GagelRFLevyMLDonovanDTAlfordBRWheelerTTschenJAMultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a associated with cutaneous lichen amyloidosisAnn Intern Med1989111108028062573304
  • MachensAGimmOHinzeRHoppnerWBoehmBODralleHGenotype-phenotype correlations in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma: oncological features and biochemical propertiesJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20018631104110911238493
  • KebebewEItuartePHSipersteinAEDuhQClarkOHMedullary thyroid cancerCurr Treat Options Oncol20001435936712057161
  • FarndonJRLeightGSDilleyWGFamilial medullary thyroid carcinoma without associated endocrinopathies: a distinct clinical entityBr J Surg19867342782813697657
  • HeshmatiHMGharibHvan HeerdenJASizemoreGWAdvances and controversies in the diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinomaAm J Med1997103160699236487
  • EliseiRCosciBRomeiCPrognostic significance of somatic RET oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer: a 10-year follow-up studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200893368268718073307
  • MouraMMCavacoBMPintoAECorrelation of RET somatic mutations with clinicopathological features in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomasBr J Cancer2009100111777178319401695
  • MulliganLMKwokJBHealeyCSGerm-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2ANature199336364284584608099202
  • RomanSLinRSosaJAPrognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: demographic, clinical, and pathologic predictors of survival in 1252 casesCancer200610792134214217019736
  • Da SilvaAMMacielRMDa SilvaMRToledoSRDe CarvalhoMBCeruttiJMA novel germ-line point mutation in RET exon 8 (Gly(533) Cys) in a large kindred with familial medullary thyroid carcinomaJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200388115438544314602786
  • MyersSMEngCPonderBAMulliganLMCharacterization of RET proto-oncogene 3′ splicing variants and polyadenylation sites: a novel C-terminus for RETOncogene19951110203920457478523
  • TakahashiMAsaiNIwashitaTIsomuraTMiyazakiKMatsuyamaMCharacterization of the ret proto-oncogene products expressed in mouse L cellsOncogene1993811292529298414495
  • MilosINFrank-RaueKWohllkNAge-related neoplastic risk profiles and penetrance estimations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A caused by germ line RET Cys634Trp (TGC > TGG) mutationEndocr Relat Cancer20081541035104118794325
  • Frank-RaueKHöppnerWFrillingAMutations of the ret protooncogene in German multiple endocrine neoplasia families: relation between genotype and phenotype. German Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Study GroupJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1996815178017838626834
  • VergaUFugazzolaLCambiaghiSFrequent association between MEN 2A and cutaneous lichen amyloidosisClin Endocrinol (Oxf)200359215616112864791
  • Donis-KellerHDouSChiDMutations in the RET protooncogene are associated with MEN 2A and FMTCHum Mol Genet1993278518568103403
  • Frank-RaueKRybickiLAErlicZRisk profiles and penetrance estimations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A caused by germline RET mutations located in exon 10Hum Mutat2011321515820979234
  • MulliganLMEngCHealeyCSSpecific mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are related to disease phenotype in MEN 2A and FMTCNat Genet19946170747907913
  • PunalesMKGrafHGrossJLMaiaALRET codon 634 mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: variable clinical features and clinical outcomeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20038862644264912788868
  • GimmOMarshDJAndrewSDGermline dinucleotide mutation in codon 883 of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B without codon 918 mutationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab19978211390239049360560
  • SmithDPHoughtonCPonderBAGermline mutation of RET codon 883 in two cases of de novo MEN 2BOncogene19971510121312179294615
  • MenkoFHvan der LuijtRBde ValkIAAtypical MEN type 2B associated with two germline RET mutations on the same allele not involving codon 918J Clin Endocrinol Metab200287139339711788682
  • MiyauchiAFutamiHHaiNTwo germline missense mutations at codons 804 and 806 of the RET proto-oncogene in the same allele in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B without codon 918 mutationJpn J Cancer Res19999011510076558
  • ZedeniusJLarssonCBergholmUMutations of codon 918 in the RET proto-oncogene correlate to poor prognosis in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomasJ Clin Endocrinol Metab19958010308830907559902
  • HofstraRMFattorusoOQuadroLA novel point mutation in the intracellular domain of the ret protooncogene in a family with medullary thyroid carcinomaJ Clin Endocrinol Metab19978212417641789398735
  • BolinoASchuffeneckerILuoYRET mutations in exons 13 and 14 of FMTC patientsOncogene19951012241524197784092
  • DabirTHunterSJRussellCFMcCallDMorrisonPJThe RET mutation E768D confers a late-onset familial medullary thyroid carcinoma – only phenotype with incomplete penetrance: implications for screening and management of carrier statusFam Cancer20065220120416736292
  • EngCSmithDPMulliganLMA novel point mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto-oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and in a family with FMTCOncogene19951035095137845675
  • EngCMulliganLMHealeyCSHeterogeneous mutation of the RET proto-oncogene in subpopulations of medullary thyroid carcinomaCancer Res1996569216721708616867
  • SiqueiraDRRomittiMda RochaAPThe RET polymorphic allele S836S is associated with early metastatic disease in patients with hereditary or sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomaEndocr Relat Cancer201017495396320801952
  • RomeiCEliseiRPincheraASomatic mutations of the ret protooncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma are not restricted to exon 16 and are associated with tumor recurrenceJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1996814161916228636377
  • CeolinLSiqueiraDRRomittiMFerreiraCVMaiaALMolecular basis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: the role of RET polymorphismsInt J Mol Sci201213122123922312249
  • EliseiRCosciBRomeiCRET exon 11 (G691S) polymorphism is significantly more frequent in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma than in the general populationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20048973579358415240649
  • GimmONeubergDSMarshDJOver-representation of a germline RET sequence variant in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and somatic RET codon 918 mutationOncogene19991861369137310022819
  • RobledoMGilLPollanMPolymorphisms G691S/S904S of RET as genetic modifiers of MEN 2ACancer Res20036381814181712702567
  • RochaAPMagalhãesPRMaiaALMacielLZGenetic polymorphisms: implications in the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinomaArq Bras Endocrinol Metab2007551723730
  • ScolloCBaudinETravagliJPRationale for central and bilateral lymph node dissection in sporadic and hereditary medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20038852070207512727956
  • BrierleyJTsangRSimpsonWJGospodarowiczMSutcliffeSPanzarellaTMedullary thyroid cancer: analyses of survival and prognostic factors and the role of radiation therapy in local controlThyroid1996643053108875751
  • NoceraMBaudinEPellegritiGCailleuxAFMechelany-CoroneCSchlumbergerMTreatment of advanced medullary thyroid cancer with an alternating combination of doxorubicin-streptozocin and 5 FU-dacarbazine. Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs à Calcitonine (GETC)Br J Cancer200083671571810952773
  • IchiharaMMurakumoYTakahashiMRET and neuroendocrine tumorsCancer Lett2004204219721115013219
  • VieiraJMSantosSCEspadinhaCExpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors in thyroid carcinomas of follicular origin: a potential autocrine loopEur J Endocrinol2005153570170916260429
  • BroekmanFGiovannettiEPetersGJTyrosine kinase inhibitors: multitargeted or single-targeted?World J Clin Oncol201122809321603317
  • SchlessingerJCell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinasesCell2000103221122511057895
  • TherassePArbuckSGEisenhauerEANew guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of CanadaJ Natl Cancer Inst200092320521610655437
  • LamETRingelMDKloosRTPhase II clinical trial of sorafenib in metastatic medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Oncol201028142323233020368568
  • LicitraLLocatiLDGrecoAGranataRBossiPMultikinase inhibitors in thyroid cancerEur J Cancer20104661012101820171085
  • MachensADralleHParenchymal versus nonparenchymal target lesion response in clinical trials for metastatic medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Oncol20102828e534 author reply e535–e53620713862
  • CarlomagnoFVitaglianoDGuidaTZD6474, an orally available inhibitor of KDR tyrosine kinase activity, efficiently blocks oncogenic RET kinasesCancer Res200262247284729012499271
  • WedgeSROgilvieDJDukesMZD6474 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor growth following oral administrationCancer Res200262164645465512183421
  • VitaglianoDDe FalcoVTamburrinoAThe tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474 blocks proliferation of RET mutant medullary thyroid carcinoma cellsEndocr Relat Cancer201118111120943719
  • WellsSAJrGosnellJEGagelRFVandetanib for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Oncol201028576777220065189
  • RobinsonBGPaz-AresLKrebsAVasselliJHaddadRVandetanib (100 mg) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20109562664267120371662
  • WellsSAJrRobinsonBGGagelRFVandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trialJ Clin Oncol201230213414122025146
  • DeshpandeHRomanSThumarJSosaJAVandetanib (ZD6474) in the treatment of medullary thyroid cancerClin Med Insights Oncol2011521322121836817
  • CarlomagnoFGuidaTAnagantiSDisease associated mutations at valine 804 in the RET receptor tyrosine kinase confer resistance to selective kinase inhibitorsOncogene2004236056606315184865
  • KurzrockRShermanSIBallDWActivity of XL184 (cabozantinib), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Oncol201129192660266621606412
  • SchoffskiPEliseiRMüllerSAn international, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial (EXAM) of cabozantinib (XL184) in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) patients (pts) with documented RECIST progression at baselineJ Clin Oncol201230Suppl5508
  • PolverinoACoxonAStarnesCAMG 706, an oral, multikinase inhibitor that selectively targets vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and kit receptors, potently inhibits angiogenesis and induces regression in tumor xenograftsCancer Res200666178715872116951187
  • CoxonABreadyJKaufmanSAnti-tumor activity of motesanib in a medullary thyroid cancer modelJ Endocrinol Invest201135218119021422803
  • SchlumbergerMJEliseiRBastholtLPhase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancerJ Clin Oncol200927233794380119564535
  • BassMBShermanSISchlumbergerMJBiomarkers as predictors of response to treatment with motesanib in patients with progressive advanced thyroid cancerJ Clin Endocrinol Metab201095115018502720739388
  • CarlomagnoFAnagantiSGuidaTBAY 43-9006 inhibition of oncogenic RET mutantsJ Natl Cancer Inst200698532633416507829
  • WilhelmSMCarterCTangLBAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesisCancer Res200464197099710915466206
  • Frank-RaueKGantenMKreisslMCRaueFRapid response to sorafenib in metastatic medullary thyroid carcinomaExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes2011119315115520827665
  • AhmedMBarbachanoYRiddellAAnalysis of the efficacy and toxicity of sorafenib in thyroid cancer: a phase II study in a UK based populationEur J Endocrinol2011165231532221566072
  • HongDSCabanillasMEWhelerJInhibition of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and RET kinase pathways with the combination of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in medullary and differentiated thyroid malignanciesJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2011964997100521289252
  • KohYWShahMHAgarwalKSorafenib and Mek inhibition is synergistic in medullary thyroid carcinoma in vitroEndocr Relat Cancer2012191293822109971
  • BroutinSAmeurNLacroixLIdentification of soluble candidate biomarkers of therapeutic response to sunitinib in medullary thyroid carcinoma in preclinical modelsClin Cancer Res20111772044205421325074
  • ChowLQEckhardtSGSunitinib: from rational design to clinical efficacyJ Clin Oncol200725788489617327610
  • SchuenemanAJHimmelfarbEGengLSU11248 maintenance therapy prevents tumor regrowth after fractionated irradiation of murine tumor modelsCancer Res200363144009401612873999
  • ClearyJMSadowPMRandolphGWNeoadjuvant treatment of unresectable medullary thyroid cancer with sunitinibJ Clin Oncol20102823e390e39220567012
  • KelleherFCMcDermottRResponse to sunitinib in medullary thyroid cancerAnn Intern Med2008148756718378960
  • CarrLLMankoffDAGoulartBHPhase II study of daily sunitinib in FDG-PET-positive, iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with functional imaging correlationClin Cancer Res201016215260526820847059
  • RavaudAde la FouchardiereCAsselineauJEfficacy of sunitinib in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma: intermediate results of phase II THYSUOncologist2010152:212213 author reply 21420189981
  • InaiTMancusoMHashizumeHInhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in cancer causes loss of endothelial fenestrations, regression of tumor vessels, and appearance of basement membrane ghostsAm J Pathol20041651355215215160
  • CohenEERosenLSVokesEEAxitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II studyJ Clin Oncol200826294708471318541897
  • de GrootJWPlaza MenachoISchepersHCellular effects of imatinib on medullary thyroid cancer cells harboring multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2A and 2B associated RET mutationsSurgery2006139680681416782438
  • Frank-RaueKFabelMDelormeSHaberkornURaueFEfficacy of imatinib mesylate in advanced medullary thyroid carcinomaEur J Endocrinol2007157221522017656601
  • de GrootJWZonnenbergBAvan Ufford-MannessePQA phase II trial of imatinib therapy for metastatic medullary thyroid carcinomaJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20079293466346917579194
  • VerbeekHHAlvesMMde GrootJWThe effects of four different tyrosine kinase inhibitors on medullary and papillary thyroid cancer cellsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2011966E991E99521470995
  • LenihanDJCardinaleDMLate cardiac effects of cancer treatmentJ Clin Oncol201230303657366423008297
  • SheffelRDoraJMSiqueiraDRBurttetLMCerskiMRMaiaALToxic cardiomyopathy leading to fatal acute cardiac failure related to vandetanib: a case report with histopathological analysisEur J Endocrinol2013168K51K5423487538
  • TorinoFCorselloSMLongoRBarnabeiAGaspariniGHypothyroidism related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: an emerging toxic effect of targeted therapyNat Rev Clin Oncol20096421922819333228