Long Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer: From Disease Markers to Treatment Roles

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, et al. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2455–2465. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth A, Diederichs S. Long noncoding RNAs in lung cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2016;394:57–110. doi:10.1007/82_2015_444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS. Long non-coding RNAs: insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(3):155–159. doi:10.1038/nrg2521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, Shi ZM, Chang YN, Hu ZM, Qi HX, Hong W. The ways of action of long non-coding RNAs in cytoplasm and nucleus. Gene. 2014;547(1):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponting CP, Oliver PL, Reik W. Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2009;136(4):629–641. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sati S, Ghosh S, Jain V, Scaria V, Sengupta S. Genome-wide analysis reveals distinct patterns of epigenetic features in long non-coding RNA loci. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(20):10018–10031. doi:10.1093/nar/gks776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, et al. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(28):11667–11672. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904715106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cech TR, Steitz JA. The noncoding RNA revolution-trashing old rules to forge new ones. Cell. 2014;157(1):77–94. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang KC, Frith MC, Mattick JS. Rapid evolution of noncoding RNAs: lack of conservation does not mean lack of function. Trends Genet. 2006;22(1):1–5. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2005.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TK, Hemberg M, Gray JM, et al. Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature. 2010;465(7295):182–187. doi:10.1038/nature09033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang T, Wang G, Yang L, et al. Transcription factor YY1 modulates lung cancer progression by activating lncRNA-PVT1. DNA Cell Biol. 2017;36(11):947–958. doi:10.1089/dna.2017.3857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao RW, Wang Y, Chen LL. Cellular functions of long noncoding RNAs. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21(5):542–551. doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0311-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson JN, Ensminger AW, Clemson CM, Lynch CR, Lawrence JB, Chess A. A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding RNAs associated with SC35 splicing domains. BMC Genomics. 2007;8(1):39. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Huang C, Meng X, Li J. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1: insights into its biogenesis and implications in human disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(34):5017–5028. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150724115625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto R, Mayeda A, Yoshida M, Nakagawa S. MALAT1 long non-coding RNA in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1859(1):192–199. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutschner T, Hammerle M, Diederichs S. MALAT1 – a paradigm for long noncoding RNA function in cancer. J Mol Med. 2013;91(7):791–801. doi:10.1007/s00109-013-1028-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, et al. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta 4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene. 2003;22(39):8031–8041. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H-M, Yang F-Q, Chen S-J, Che J, Zheng J-H. Upregulation of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Tumor Biol. 2015;36(4):2947–2955. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2925-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pang E-J, Yang R, X-b F, Y-f L. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is correlated with clinical progression and unfavorable prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Tumor Biol. 2015;36(4):2403–2407. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2850-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai MC, Yang Z, Zhou L, et al. Long non-coding RNA MALAT-1 overexpression predicts tumor recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Med Oncol. 2012;29(3):1810–1816. doi:10.1007/s12032-011-0004-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimpour M, Ravanbakhsh R, Maydanchi M, Rajabi A, Azizi F, Saber A. Cancer driver gene and non-coding RNA alterations as biomarkers of brain metastasis in lung cancer: a review of the literature. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;143:112190. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol. 2012;9(6):703–719. doi:10.4161/rna.20481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, et al. MALAT-1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility-related genes. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(22):4575–4580. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutschner T, Hammerle M, Eissmann M, et al. The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2013;73(3):1180–1189. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen L, Chen L, Wang Y, Jiang X, Xia H, Zhuang Z. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 promotes brain metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. J Neurooncol. 2015;121(1):101–108. doi:10.1007/s11060-014-1613-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang J, Chen Y, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 exerts oncogenic functions in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting miR-204. Am J Cancer Res. 2016;6(5):1099–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, et al. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation. Mol Cell. 2010;39(6):925–938. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi V, Shen Z, Chakraborty A, et al. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 controls cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of oncogenic transcription factor B-MYB. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(3):e1003368. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Lin C, Liu W, et al. ncRNA- and Pc2 methylation-dependent gene relocation between nuclear structures mediates gene activation programs. Cell. 2011;147(4):773–788. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He S, Liu S, Zhu H. The sequence, structure and evolutionary features of HOTAIR in mammals. BMC Evol Biol. 2011;11(1):102. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepal C, Taranta A, Hadzhiev Y, et al. Ancestrally duplicated conserved noncoding element suggests dual regulatory roles of HOTAIR in cis and trans. iScience. 2020;23(4):101008. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, et al. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2007;129(7):1311–1323. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai MC, Manor O, Wan Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science. 2010;329(5992):689–693. doi:10.1126/science.1192002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature. 2010;464(7291):1071–1076. doi:10.1038/nature08975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XH, Sun M, Nie FQ, et al. Lnc RNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2014;13(1):92. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishibashi M, Kogo R, Shibata K, et al. Clinical significance of the expression of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2013;29(3):946–950. doi:10.3892/or.2012.2219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogo R, Shimamura T, Mimori K, et al. Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR regulates polycomb-dependent chromatin modification and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancers. Cancer Res. 2011;71(20):6320–6326. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa T, Endo H, Yokoyama M, et al. Large noncoding RNA HOTAIR enhances aggressive biological behavior and is associated with short disease-free survival in human non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;436(2):319–324. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu MY, Li XQ, Gao TH, et al. Elevated HOTAIR expression associated with cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(11):3314–3322. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.11.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Sun M, Lu K, et al. The long noncoding RNA HOTAIR contributes to cisplatin resistance of human lung adenocarcinoma cells via downregualtion of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Jiang C, Yang Y, et al. Silencing of LncRNA-HOTAIR decreases drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inactivating autophagy via suppressing the phosphorylation of ULK1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;497(4):1003–1010. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang S, Gao H, Tong Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA-HOTAIR affects chemoresistance by regulating HOXA1 methylation in small cell lung cancer cells. Lab Invest. 2016;96(1):60–68. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2015.123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovitch MP, Nguyen VC, Gross MS, Solhonne B, Leibovitch SA, Bernheim A. The human ASM (adult skeletal muscle) gene: expression and chromosomal assignment to 11p15. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991;180(3):1241–1250. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81329-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Killian JK, Yang M, et al. Epigenomic alterations and gene expression profiles in respiratory epithelia exposed to cigarette smoke condensate. Oncogene. 2010;29(25):3650–3664. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Lu Y, Yuan BZ, et al. The Human mineral dust-induced gene, mdig, is a cell growth regulating gene associated with lung cancer. Oncogene. 2005;24(31):4873–4882. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafouri-Fard S, Esmaeili M, Taheri M. H19 lncRNA: roles in tumorigenesis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;123:109774. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian B, Wang DM, Gu XS, et al. LncRNA H19 serves as a ceRNA and participates in non-small cell lung cancer development by regulating microRNA-107. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(18):5946–5953. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201809_15925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang T, Wen Y, Peng B, Ding G, Yang L, Wang Z. Upregulated lncRNA H19 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation through miR-138/PDK1 axis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2017;10(8):9012–9020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Feng C, Li Y, Ma Y, Cai R. LncRNA H19 promotes lung cancer proliferation and metastasis by inhibiting miR-200a function. Mol Cell Biochem. 2019;460(1–2):1–8. doi:10.1007/s11010-019-03564-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Liu L, Lu S. lncRNA H19 promotes viability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma cells by targeting miR-29b-3p and modifying STAT3. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(3):929–941. doi:10.3892/ijo.2019.4695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matouk IJ, DeGroot N, Mezan S, et al. The H19 non-coding RNA is essential for human tumor growth. PLoS One. 2007;2(9):e845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matouk IJ, Mezan S, Mizrahi A, et al. The oncofetal H19 RNA connection: hypoxia, p53 and cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Mol Cell Res. 2010;1803(4):443–451. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang E, Li W, Yin D, et al. c-Myc-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 indicates a poor prognosis and affects cell proliferation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(3):4007–4015. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-4185-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhou Y, Mehta KR, et al. A pituitary-derived MEG3 isoform functions as a growth suppressor in tumor cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5119–5126. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Wang Y, et al. Activation of p53 by MEG3 non-coding RNA. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(34):24731–24742. doi:10.1074/jbc.M702029200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetatos L, Vartholomatos G, Hatzimichael E. MEG3 imprinted gene contribution in tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(4):773–779. doi:10.1002/ijc.26052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Shi S, Wang J, Li N. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 regulates migration and invasion of lung cancer stem cells via miR-650/SLC34A2 axis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;120:109457. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Wan L, Lu K, et al. The long noncoding RNA MEG3 contributes to cisplatin resistance of human lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0114586. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia H, Qu XL, Liu LY, Qian DH, Jing HY. LncRNA MEG3 promotes the sensitivity of vincristine by inhibiting autophagy in lung cancer chemotherapy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(4):1020–1027. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201802_14384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong X, Huang MY. Tumor-suppressive function of lncRNA-MEG3 in glioma cells by regulating miR-6088/SMARCB1 axis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:4309161. doi:10.1155/2020/4309161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Dahle D, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Klibanski A. Hypermethylation of the promoter region is associated with the loss of MEG3 gene expression in human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(4):2179–2186. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zhang X, Klibanski A. MEG3 noncoding RNA: a tumor suppressor. J Mol Endocrinol. 2012;48(3):R45–53. doi:10.1530/JME-12-0008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Bian EB, He XJ, et al. Epigenetic repression of long non-coding RNA MEG3 mediated by DNMT1 represses the p53 pathway in gliomas. Int J Oncol. 2016;48(2):723–733. doi:10.3892/ijo.2015.3285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou C, Huang C, Wang J, et al. LncRNA MEG3 downregulation mediated by DNMT3b contributes to nickel malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells via modulating PHLPP1 transcription and HIF-1alpha translation. Oncogene. 2017;36(27):3878–3889. doi:10.1038/onc.2017.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider C, King RM, Philipson L. Genes specifically expressed at growth arrest of mammalian cells. Cell. 1988;54(6):787–793. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(88)91065-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccia EM, Cicala C, Charlesworth A, et al. Regulation and expression of a growth arrest-specific gene (gas5) during growth, differentiation, and development. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(8):3514–3521. doi:10.1128/mcb.12.8.3514-3521.1992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CM, Steitz JA. Classification of gas5 as a multi-small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene and a member of the 5’-terminal oligopyrimidine gene family reveals common features of snoRNA host genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18(12):6897–6909. doi:10.1128/MCB.18.12.6897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT. GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene. 2009;28(2):195–208. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kino T, Hurt DE, Ichijo T, Nader N, Chrousos GP. Noncoding RNA gas5 is a growth arrest- and starvation-associated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci Signal. 2010;3(107):ra8. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2000568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao HP, Gao WS, Huo JX, Yang ZS. Long non-coding RNA GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(2):1077–1082. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.2.1077
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi X, Sun M, Liu H, et al. A critical role for the long non-coding RNA GAS5 in proliferation and apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2015;54(Suppl 1):E1–E12. doi:10.1002/mc.22120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeksma OC, Van Achterberg TA, Tsumura Y, et al. Human sprouty 4, a new ras antagonist on 5q31, interacts with the dual specificity kinase TESK1. Eur J Biochem. 2002;269(10):2546–2556. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02921.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tennis MA, Van Scoyk MM, Freeman SV, Vandervest KM, Nemenoff RA, Winn RA. Sprouty-4 inhibits transformed cell growth, migration and invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and is regulated by Wnt7A through PPARgamma in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2010;8(6):833–843. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun M, Liu XH, Lu KH, et al. EZH2-mediated epigenetic suppression of long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 promote s NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis by affecting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5(6):e1298. doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen X, Han XR, Wang YJ, et al. Effects of long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1-mediated EZH2 on the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(2):1827–1840. doi:10.1002/jcb.26344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaitan D, Dinger ME, Mazar J, et al. The melanoma-upregulated long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 modulates apoptosis and invasion. Cancer Res. 2011;71(11):3852–3862. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-4460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Liu C, Lu Z, et al. Upregulation of the long non-coding RNA SPRY4-IT1 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;88:529–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Li Y, Luo G, et al. LncRNA SPRY4-IT1 sponges miR-101-3p to promote proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer cells through up-regulating EZH2. Cancer Lett. 2017;388:281–291. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan W, Song ZZ, Xu Q, et al. Up-regulated expression of SPRY4-IT1 predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:309–314. doi:10.12659/MSM.898369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan S, Gou Q, Pu W, et al. Circular RNA F-circEA produced from EML4-ALK fusion gene as a novel liquid biopsy biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Res. 2018;28(6):693–695. doi:10.1038/s41422-018-0033-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arita T, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, et al. Circulating long non-coding RNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2013;33(8):3185–3193. doi:10.3892/br.2015.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewson C, Morris KV. Form and function of exosome-associated long non-coding RNAs in cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2016;394:41–56. doi:10.1007/82_2015_486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan J, Bian Y, Cao Z, et al. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 as a candidate serological biomarker for the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2020;11(2):329–335. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.13265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo F, Yu F, Wang J, et al. Expression of MALAT1 in the peripheral whole blood of patients with lung cancer. Biomed Rep. 2015;3(3):309–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang R, Xia Y, Wang Z, et al. Serum long non coding RNA MALAT-1 protected by exosomes is up-regulated and promotes cell proliferation and migration in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;490(2):406–414. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber DG, Johnen G, Casjens S, et al. Evaluation of long noncoding RNA MALAT1 as a candidate blood-based biomarker for the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6(1):518. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-518
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan S, Xiang Y, Guo X, et al. Circulating long noncoding RNAs act as diagnostic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2020;10:537120. doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.537120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang W, Lv T, Shi X, et al. Circulating long noncoding RNA GAS5 is a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Medicine. 2016;95(37):e4608. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong W, Yang L, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of survival-related lncRNA landscape identifies A role for LINC01537 in energy metabolism and lung cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3713. doi:10.3390/ijms20153713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M, Zhong L, Xu W, et al. Discovery of potential prognostic long non-coding RNA biomarkers for predicting the risk of tumor recurrence of breast cancer patients. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):31038. doi:10.1038/srep31038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan G. RNA interference as a gene knockdown technique. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;42(8):1243–1251. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2009.04.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kole R, Krainer AR, Altman S. RNA therapeutics: beyond RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012;11(2):125–140. doi:10.1038/nrd3625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang H, Peng J. LncRNA HOTAIR promotes proliferation, invasion and migration in NSCLC cells via the CCL22 signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2022;17(2):e0263997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donlic A, Zafferani M, Padroni G, Puri M, Hargrove AE. Regulation of MALAT1 triple helix stability and in vitro degradation by diphenylfurans. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48(14):7653–7664. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Wang YF, Zhang J, et al. Targeted design and identification of AC1NOD4Q to block activity of HOTAIR by abrogating the scaffold interaction with EZH2. Clin Epigenetics. 2019;11(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13148-019-0624-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Parag S, Patel R, et al. Stabilization of lncRNA GAS5 by a small molecule and its implications in diabetic adipocytes. Cell Chem Biol. 2019;26(3):319–330 e316. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig JA, Federman NC, Anderson P, et al. TK216 for relapsed/refractory Ewing sarcoma: interim Phase 1/2 results. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(15_suppl):11500. doi:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.11500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Wang H, Wu B, et al. Down-regulation of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 by RNA interference inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2017;44(10):1032–1041. doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu L, Wei B, Hui H, et al. Positive feedback loop of lncRNA LINC01296/miR-598/Twist1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(4):4563–4571. doi:10.1002/jcp.27235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Chen X, Wu Y, et al. LncRNA CASC9 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through upregulating LAMC2 expression by interacting with the CREB-binding protein. Cell Death Differ. 2018;25(11):1980–1995. doi:10.1038/s41418-018-0084-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya AM, Sun Z, Ayat N, et al. Systemic delivery of tumor-targeting siRNA nanoparticles against an oncogenic LncRNA facilitates effective triple-negative breast cancer therapy. Bioconjug Chem. 2019;30(3):907–919. doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawan MS, Aggarwal RR, Boyd E, Comerford K, Munster PN. Phase 1 study of Andes-1537: a novel antisense oligonucleotide against non-coding mitochondrial DNA in advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):2557. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.2557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong WJ, Yin JY, Li XP, et al. Association of well-characterized lung cancer lncRNA polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility and platinum-based chemotherapy response. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(6):8349–8358. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-4497-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gong WJ, Peng JB, Yin JY, et al. Association between well-characterized lung cancer lncRNA polymorphisms and platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in Chinese patients with lung cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017;38(4):581–590. doi:10.1038/aps.2016.164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li K, Sun D, Gou Q, et al. Long non-coding RNA linc00460 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2018;420:80–90. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar