Serum Biochemical Markers for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Update

References

• Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567–610. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira M, Williams VL, Hallanger Johnson J, Valderrabano P. Thyroid Cancer Incidence Trends in the United States: association with Changes in Professional Guideline Recommendations. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2020;30(8):1132–1140. doi:10.1089/thy.2019.0415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberg K, Modlin IM, De Herder W, et al. Consensus on biomarkers for neuroendocrine tumour disease. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(9):e435–e446. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00186-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P. Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children. Clin Chem. 2004;50(10):1828–1830. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratzsch J, Petzold A, Raue F, et al. Basal and stimulated calcitonin and procalcitonin by various assays in patients with and without medullary thyroid cancer. Clin Chem. 2011;57(3):467–474. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.151688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, et al. Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(1):163–168. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vierhapper H, Niederle B, Bieglmayer C, Kaserer K, Baumgartner-Parzer S. Early diagnosis and curative therapy of medullary thyroid carcinoma by routine measurement of serum calcitonin in patients with thyroid disorders. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2005;15(11):1267–1272. doi:10.1089/thy.2005.15.1267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costante G, Meringolo D, Durante C, et al. Predictive value of serum calcitonin levels for preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a cohort of 5817 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):450–455. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rink T, Truong PN, Schroth HJ, Diener J, Zimny M, Grünwald F. Calculation and validation of a plasma calcitonin limit for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in nodular thyroid disease. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2009;19(4):327–332. doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider C, Kobe C, Schmidt M, et al. Calcitonin screening in patients with thyroid nodules. Diagnostic value. Nukl Nucl Med. 2012;51(6):228–233. doi:10.3413/Nukmed-0494-12-04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber T, Poplawski A, Vorländer C, et al. Preoperative calcitonin testing improves the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in female and male patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(2):223–231. doi:10.1530/EJE-21-1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederle MB, Scheuba C, Riss P, Selberherr A, Koperek O, Niederle B. Early Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: are Calcitonin Stimulation Tests Still Indicated in the Era of Highly Sensitive Calcitonin Immunoassays? Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2020;30(7):974–984. doi:10.1089/thy.2019.0785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo T, Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Takamura Y, Amino N, Hirokawa M. Diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma by calcitonin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2007;17(7):635–638. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massaro F, Dolcino M, Degrandi R, et al. Calcitonin assay in wash-out fluid after fine-needle aspiration biopsy in patients with a thyroid nodule and border-line value of the hormone. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32(4):308–312. doi:10.1007/BF03345717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diazzi C, Madeo B, Taliani E, et al. The diagnostic value of calcitonin measurement in wash-out fluid from fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2013;19(5):769–779. doi:10.4158/EP12420.OR
   Google Scholar
• Trimboli P, Cremonini N, Ceriani L, et al. Calcitonin measurement in aspiration needle washout fluids has higher sensitivity than cytology in detecting medullary thyroid cancer: a retrospective multicentre study. Clin Endocrinol. 2014;80(1):135–140. doi:10.1111/cen.12234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihara M, Hirokawa M, Kudo T, et al. Calcitonin measurement in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for thyroid tumors. Thyroid Res. 2018;11:15. doi:10.1186/s13044-018-0059-4
   Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Zhou W, Han R, et al. Cytology versus calcitonin assay in fine-needle aspiration biopsy wash-out fluid (FNAB-CT) in diagnosis of medullary thyroid microcarcinoma. Endocrine. 2021;74(2):340–348. doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02759-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boi F, Maurelli I, Pinna G, et al. Calcitonin measurement in wash-out fluid from fine needle aspiration of neck masses in patients with primary and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2115–2118. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham D, Gault PM, Hunt J, Bentz J. Calcitonin estimation in neck lymph node fine-needle aspirate fluid prevents misinterpretation of cytology in patients with metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2009;19(9):1015–1016. doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques B, Cunha N, Martins RG, et al. Lymph Node Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: role of Calcitonin in the Washout Fluid of Fine-Needle Aspiration. Int J Endocrinol. 2020;2020:9267972. doi:10.1155/2020/9267972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimboli P, Lauretta R, Barnabei A, et al. Procalcitonin as a postoperative marker in the follow-up of patients affected by medullary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers. 2018;33(2):156–160. doi:10.1177/1724600817747518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Imperiali M, Piccardo A, et al. Procalcitonin measurement to screen medullary thyroid carcinoma: a prospective evaluation in a series of 2705 patients with thyroid nodules. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018;48(6):e12934. doi:10.1111/eci.12934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algeciras-Schimnich A, Preissner CM, Theobald JP, Finseth MS, Grebe SKG. Procalcitonin: a marker for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):861–868. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter MA, Meier C, Radimerski T, et al. Procalcitonin levels predict clinical course and progression-free survival in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(1):31–40. doi:10.1002/cncr.24738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SK, Guéchot J, Vaubourdolle M. Negative predictive value of procalcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Biol Clin. 2016;74(2):213–218. doi:10.1684/abc.2015.1115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczka K, Mikosiński S, Fendler W, Celnik A, Pomorski L. Calcitonin and procalcitonin in patients with medullary thyroid cancer or bacterial infection. Adv Clin Exp Med off Organ Wroclaw Med Univ. 2012;21(2):169–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratzsch J, Willenberg A, Frank-Raue K, Kempin U, Rocktäschel J, Raue F. Procalcitonin measured by three different assays is an excellent tumor marker for the follow-up of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;59(11):1861–1868. doi:10.1515/cclm-2021-0428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Censi S, Di Stefano M, Repaci A, et al. Basal and Calcium-Stimulated Procalcitonin for the Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancers: lights and Shadows. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:754565. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.754565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Ceriani L, Bongiovanni M. Calcitonin measurement on fine needle washouts: preanalytical issues and normal reference values. Diagn Cytopathol. 2013;41(3):226–229. doi:10.1002/dc.22804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed M, Abi-Raad R, Fu L, Holt EH, Adeniran AJ, Cai G. Performing Calcitonin Immunocytochemistry on an Additional ThinPrep Slide in Fine-Needle Aspiration Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2022;157(3):426–433. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqab141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi ED, Raffaelli M, Mulè A, et al. Relevance of immunocytochemistry on thin-layer cytology in thyroid lesions suspicious for medullary carcinoma: a case-control study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol AIMM. 2008;16(6):548–553. doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e3181690ca3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank-Raue K, Machens A, Leidig-Bruckner G, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of nonsecretory medullary thyroid carcinoma in a series of 839 patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2013;23(3):294–300. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen R, Campos JM, Salaün C, et al. Preoperative calcitonin levels are predictive of tumor size and postoperative calcitonin normalization in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Groupe d’Etudes des Tumeurs a Calcitonine (GETC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(2):919–922. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filimon S, Payne RJ, Black MJ, et al. Calcitonin secretory index and unsuspected nodal disease in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pract off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2018;24(5):460–467. doi:10.4158/EP-2017-0236
   Google Scholar
• Machens A, Dralle H. Biomarker-based risk stratification for previously untreated medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2655–2663. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsahl EM, Akslen LA, Schlichting E, et al. The Role of Calcitonin in Predicting the Extent of Surgery in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Nationwide Population-Based Study in Norway. Eur Thyroid J. 2019;8(3):159–166. doi:10.1159/000499018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Park J, Choi MS, et al. Preoperative Serum Calcitonin and Its Correlation with Extent of Lymph Node Metastasis in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Cancers. 2020;12(10):E2894. doi:10.3390/cancers12102894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juez LD, Mercader E, Amunategui I, et al. Extension of Prophylactic Surgery in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Differences Between Sporadic and Hereditary Tumours According to Calcitonin Levels and Lymph Node Involvement. World J Surg. 2022;46(4):820–828. doi:10.1007/s00268-022-06448-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo Yamashita T, Rogers RT, Foster TR, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer: what is the optimal management of the lateral neck in a node negative patient at index operation? Surgery. 2022;171(1):177–181. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2021.04.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanheimer PM, Ganly I, Chou JF, et al. Prophylactic Lateral Neck Dissection for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma is not Associated with Improved Survival. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28(11):6572–6579. doi:10.1245/s10434-021-09683-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, Higashiiyama T, Fukushima M, Miya A. Static Prognostic Factors and Appropriate Surgical Designs for Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: the Second Report from a Single-Institution Study in Japan. World J Surg. 2018;42(12):3954–3966. doi:10.1007/s00268-018-4738-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A, Lorenz K, Dralle H. Prediction of biochemical cure in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Br J Surg. 2020;107(6):695–704. doi:10.1002/bjs.11444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niccoli-Sire P, Murat A, Rohmer V, et al. When should thyroidectomy be performed in familial medullary thyroid carcinoma gene carriers with non-cysteine RET mutations? Surgery. 2003;134(6):1029–1036. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2003.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Romei C, Renzini G, et al. The timing of total thyroidectomy in RET gene mutation carriers could be personalized and safely planned on the basis of serum calcitonin: 18 years experience at one single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):426–435. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelizzo MR, Torresan F, Boschin IM, et al. Early, Prophylactic Thyroidectomy in Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: a 26-year Monoinstitutional Experience. Am J Clin Oncol. 2015;38(5):508–513. doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e3182a78fec
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Febrero B, Rodríguez JM, Ríos A, et al. Prophylactic thyroidectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) patients with the C634Y mutation: a long-term follow-up in a large single-center cohort. Eur J Surg Oncol J Eur Soc Surg Oncol Br Assoc Surg Oncol. 2019;45(4):625–630. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2018.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Voss RK, Feng L, Lee JE, et al. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in MEN2A: ATA Moderate- or High-Risk RET Mutations Do Not Predict Disease Aggressiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(8):2807–2813. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohmer V, Vidal-Trecan G, Bourdelot A, et al. Prognostic factors of disease-free survival after thyroidectomy in 170 young patients with a RET germline mutation: a multicenter study of the Groupe Francais d’Etude des Tumeurs Endocrines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):E509–518. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsahl EM, Brauckhoff M, Schlichting E, et al. A Nationwide Study of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A in Norway: predictive and Prognostic Factors for the Clinical Course of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2016;26(9):1225–1238. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castinetti F, Waguespack SG, Machens A, et al. Natural history, treatment, and long-term follow up of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: an international, multicentre, retrospective study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(3):213–220. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30336-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A, Ukkat J, Hauptmann S, Dralle H. Abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen levels and medullary thyroid cancer progression: a multivariate analysis. Arch Surg Chic Ill. 2007;142(3):289–293. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.3.289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machens A, Lorenz K, Dralle H. Utility of serum procalcitonin for screening and risk stratification of medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):2986–2994. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Ganly I. Risk stratification in medullary thyroid cancer: moving beyond static anatomic staging. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(7):695–701. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.03.443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey SC, Ganly I, Palmer F, Tuttle RM. Response to initial therapy predicts clinical outcomes in medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2015;25(2):242–249. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho YY, Jang HW, Jang JY, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with hypercalcitoninemia after initial treatment for medullary thyroid cancer and postoperative serum calcitonin cutoffs for predicting structural recurrence. Head Neck. 2016;38(10):1501–1508. doi:10.1002/hed.24469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon H, Kim WG, Jeon MJ, et al. Dynamic risk stratification for medullary thyroid cancer according to the response to initial therapy. Endocrine. 2016;53(1):174–181. doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0849-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung KY, Kim SM, Yoo WS, et al. Postoperative biochemical remission of serum calcitonin is the best predictive factor for recurrence-free survival of medullary thyroid cancer: a large-scale retrospective analysis over 30 years. Clin Endocrinol. 2016;84(4):587–597. doi:10.1111/cen.12852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JB, Lee SG, Kim MJ, et al. Dynamic risk stratification in medullary thyroid carcinoma: single institution experiences. Medicine. 2018;97(3):e9686. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario PW, Calsolari MR. Influence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer on serum calcitonin levels. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2013;23(6):671–674. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval MA, Ferreira CV, Marmitt L, et al. An undetectable postoperative calcitonin level is associated with long-term disease-free survival in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a retrospective cohort study. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2022. doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0295
   Google Scholar
• Fanget F, Demarchi MS, Maillard L, Lintis A, Decaussin M, Lifante JC. Medullary thyroid cancer outcomes in patients with undetectable versus normalized postoperative calcitonin levels. Br J Surg. 2021;108(9):1064–1071. doi:10.1093/bjs/znab106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltiki K, Rentziou G, Stamatelopoulos K, et al. Small medullary thyroid carcinoma: post-operative calcitonin rather than tumour size predicts disease persistence and progression. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(1):117–126. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegriti G, Leboulleux S, Baudin E, et al. Long-term outcome of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with normal postoperative medical imaging. Br J Cancer. 2003;88(10):1537–1542. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costante G, Meringolo D. Calcitonin as a biomarker of C cell disease: recent achievements and current challenges. Endocrine. 2020;67(2):273–280. doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02183-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbet J, Campion L, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Chatal JF, GTE Study Group. Prognostic impact of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling-times in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(11):6077–6084. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan A, Siddique M, Riaz S, Khan AI, Nawaz MK, Bashir H. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: prognostic Variables And Tumour Markers Affecting Survival. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad JAMC. 2018;30(Suppl 1):798.
   Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A, Onishi T, Morimoto S, et al. Relation of doubling time of plasma calcitonin levels to prognosis and recurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1984;199(4):461–466. doi:10.1097/00000658-198404000-00014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer JAA, le Cessie S, van den Hout WB, et al. Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times as prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a structured meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72(4):534–542. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03666.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Sun W, Qian K, et al. High Ratio of Early Postoperative Calcitonin to Preoperative Calcitonin Could be a Novel Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Biochemical Incomplete Responses in Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Endocr Pract off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2020;26(7):738–747. doi:10.4158/EP-2019-0404
   Google Scholar
• Gawlik T, d’Amico A, Szpak-Ulczok S, et al. The prognostic value of tumor markers doubling times in medullary thyroid carcinoma - preliminary report. Thyroid Res. 2010;3(1):10. doi:10.1186/1756-6614-3-10
   Google Scholar
• Laure Giraudet A, Al Ghulzan A, Aupérin A, et al. Progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma: assessment with calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(2):239–246. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge T, Niederer W, Nüesch E, Petrin A. Pharmacokinetic study with synthetic salmon calcitonin (Sandoz). Z Gastroenterol Verh. 1976;2(10):12–15.
   Google Scholar
• West TET, O’riordan JLH, Care AD. The clearance of homologous calcitonin. J Endocrinol. 1969;45(4):495–504. doi:10.1677/joe.0.0450495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiano A, Milone F, Ramundo V, et al. A decrease of calcitonin serum concentrations less than 50 percent 30 minutes after thyroid surgery suggests incomplete C-cell tumor tissue removal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):E32–36. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauckhoff M, Gimm O, Brauckhoff K, Ukkat J, Thomusch O, Dralle H. Calcitonin kinetics in the early postoperative period of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2001;386(6):434–439. doi:10.1007/s004230100252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A, Lorenz K, Dralle H. Time to calcitonin normalization after surgery for node-negative and node-positive medullary thyroid cancer. Br J Surg. 2019;106(4):412–418. doi:10.1002/bjs.11071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade F, Rondeau G, Boucai L, et al. Serum calcitonin nadirs to undetectable levels within 1 month of curative surgery in medullary thyroid cancer. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(2):137–141. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H S. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family: structures, suggested functions and expression in normal and malignant tissues. Semin Cancer Biol. 1999;9(2). doi:10.1006/scbi.1998.0119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama T, Fujino M, Endo Y, et al. Identification of carcinoembryonic antigen in the C-cell of the normal thyroid. Cancer. 1980;45(1):98–101. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19800101)45:1<98::aid-cncr2820450117>3.0.co;2-c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbeth B, Bagrel A. A study of factors influencing plasma CEA levels in an unselected population. Oncodevelopmental Biol Med J Int Soc Oncodevelopmental Biol Med. 1980;1(4–5):67.
   Google Scholar
• Correia-Deur JEM, Toledo RA, Imazawa AT, et al. Sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical data from a university hospital. Clin Sao Paulo Braz. 2009;64(5):379–386. doi:10.1590/s1807-59322009000500002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modigliani E, Cohen R, Campos JM, et al. Prognostic factors for survival and for biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients. The GETC Study Group. Groupe d’étude des tumeurs à calcitonine. Clin Endocrinol. 1998;48(3):265–273. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00392.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan W, Xiao C, Wu F. Analysis of risk factors for cervical lymph node metastases in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(5):1982–1989. doi:10.1177/0300060518762684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye L, Zhou X, Lu J, Wang Y, Xie X, Zhang J. Combining serum calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, and neuron-specific enolase to predict lateral lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(7):e23278. doi:10.1002/jcla.23278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busnardo B, Girelli ME, Simioni N, Nacamulli D, Busetto E. Nonparallel patterns of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 1984;53(2):278–285. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19840115)53:2<278::aid-cncr2820530216>3.0.co;2-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woliński K, Kaznowski J, Klimowicz A, et al. Diagnostic value of selected biochemical markers in the detection of recurrence of medullary thyroid cancer - comparison of calcitonin, procalcitonin, chromogranin A, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Endokrynol Pol. 2017;68(4):434–437. doi:10.5603/EP.a2017.0038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa N, Hamada S. Association of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with carcinoembryonic antigen. Br J Cancer. 1976;34(2):111–115. doi:10.1038/bjc.1976.133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn G, Wells SA, Baylin SB. Relationship of tissue carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin to tumor virulence in medullary thyroid carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study in early, localized, and virulent disseminated stages of disease. Cancer. 1984;54(4):657–662. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(1984)54:4<657::aid-cncr2820540412>3.0.co;2-v
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raue F, Frank-Raue K. Long-Term Follow-up in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Recent Results Cancer Res Fortschritte Krebsforsch Progres Dans Rech Sur Cancer. 2015;204:207–225. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22542-5_10
   Google Scholar
• Ito K, Hibi K, Ando H, et al. Usefulness of analytical CEA doubling time and half-life time for overlooked synchronous metastases in colorectal carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2002;32(2):54–58. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyf011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhelst J, Vanden Broecke E, Van Meerbeeck J, De Backer W, Blockx P, Vermeire P. Calculation of half-life of carcinoembryonic antigen after lung tumour resection: a case report. Eur Respir J. 1991;4(3):374–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna P, Nedelníková K, Gürlich R. Physiology and genetics of procalcitonin. Physiol Res. 2000;49 Suppl 1:S57–S61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bihan H, Becker KL, Snider RH, et al. Calcitonin precursor levels in human medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2003;13(8):819–822. doi:10.1089/105072503768499716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Garo ML, Ceriani L, Paone G, Campenni’ A, D’Aurizio F. Procalcitonin as an Alternative Tumor Marker of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(12):3634–3643. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario PW, Mourão GF. Diagnostic Utility of Procalcitonin for Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients with Nodular Disease and Mild or Moderate Hypercalcitoninemia. Horm Metab Res Horm Stoffwechselforschung Horm Metab. 2022;54(4):220–223. doi:10.1055/a-1773-1127
   Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Verburg FA, Imperiali M, Valabrega S, Trimboli P, Ceriani L. Comparison of serum calcitonin and procalcitonin in detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma among patients with thyroid nodules. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51(7):1477–1481. doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Fontana M, Keller F, Verburg FA, Ceriani L. Clinical performance of calcitonin and procalcitonin Elecsys® immunoassays in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;59(4):743–747. doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisner M, Schmidt J, Hüttner H, Tschaikowsky K. The natural elimination rate of procalcitonin in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26 Suppl 2:S212-216. doi:10.1007/BF02900740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A, Hoffmann F, Sekulla C, Dralle H. Importance of gender-specific calcitonin thresholds in screening for occult sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009;16(4):1291–1298. doi:10.1677/ERC-09-0136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman S, Whitney KD, Fleischer N. Metastatic medullary thyroid cancer presenting with elevated levels of CA 19-9 and CA 125. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2011;21(8):913–916. doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Lorusso L, Romei C, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer secreting carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (Ca 19-9): a fatal case report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(9):3550–3554. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman S, Arnold JL, Price M, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer that stains negative for ca 19-9 has decreased metastatic potential. Endocr Pract off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2015;21(6):590–594. doi:10.4158/EP14357.OR
   Google Scholar
• Vargas CVF, Ceolin L, Scheffel RS, Benini AF, Graudenz MS, Maia AL. The tissue expression pattern of CA 19.9 is associated with oncological features in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine. 2020;70(3):544–551. doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02377-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Lorusso L, Piaggi P, et al. Elevated level of serum carbohydrate antigen 19.9 as predictor of mortality in patients with advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(3):297–304. doi:10.1530/EJE-15-0304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorusso L, Romei C, Piaggi P, et al. Ca19.9 Positivity and Doubling Time Are Prognostic Factors of Mortality in Patients with Advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer with No Evidence of Structural Disease Progression According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2021;31(7):1050–1055. doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alencar R, Kendler DB, Andrade F, et al. CA19-9 as a Predictor of Worse Clinical Outcome in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Eur Thyroid J. 2019;8(4):186–191. doi:10.1159/000497201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi K, Abe K, Kameya T, et al. Production and molecular size heterogeneity of immunoreactive gastrin-releasing peptide in fetal and adult lungs and primary lung tumors. Cancer Res. 1983;43(8):3932–3939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra-Robert M, Orois A, Augé JM, Halperin I, Filella X, Molina R. Utility of proGRP as a tumor marker in the medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(3):441–446. doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang X, Zhu J, Cai M, et al. Progrp as a novel biomarker for the differential diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2020;26(5):514–522. doi:10.4158/EP-2019-0396
   Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Fontana M, Keller F, Campenni’ A, Ceriani L, Paone G. Circulating pro-gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP) in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;59(9):1569–1573. doi:10.1515/cclm-2021-0361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor DT, Deftos LJ. Secretion of chromogranin A by peptide-producing endocrine neoplasms. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(18):1145–1151. doi:10.1056/NEJM198605013141803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blind E, Schmidt-Gayk H, Sinn HP, O’Connor DT, Raue F. Chromogranin A as tumor marker in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 1992;2(1):5–10. doi:10.1089/thy.1992.2.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobels FR, Kwekkeboom DJ, Coopmans W, et al. Chromogranin A as serum marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia: comparison with neuron-specific enolase and the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(8):2622–2628. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.8.4145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke WG, Pinkert J, Runge R, Bredow J, Wunderlich G, Koch R. Chromogranin A: an additional tumor marker for postoperative recurrence and metastases of medullary thyroid carcinomas? Anticancer Res. 2000;20(6D):56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guignat L, Bidart JM, Nocera M, Comoy E, Schlumberger M, Baudin E. Chromogranin A and the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones in medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(6):808–812. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot JWB, Kema IP, Breukelman H, et al. Biochemical markers in the follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2006;16(11):1163–1170. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.1163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudin E, Gigliotti A, Ducreux M, et al. Neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin A as markers of neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Cancer. 1998;78(8):1102–1107. doi:10.1038/bjc.1998.635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar