19
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults – from genomics to the clinics

&
Pages 49-62 | Published online: 29 Apr 2013

References

  • Fielding AK. The treatment of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2008;2008(1):381–389.
  • Dores GM, Devesa SS, Curtis RE, Linet MS, Morton LM. Acute leukemia incidence and patient survival among children and adults in the United States, 2001–2007. Blood. 2012;119(1):34–43.
  • Pulte D, Gondos A, Brenner H. Trends in 5- and 10-year survival after diagnosis with childhood hematologic malignancies in the United States, 1990–2004. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(18):1301–1309.
  • Yeager ND, Hoshaw-Woodard S, Ruymann FB, Termuhlen A. Patterns of care among adolescents with malignancy in Ohio. J Pediatric Hematol Oncol. 2006;28(1):17–22.
  • Albritton KH, Wiggins CH, Nelson HE, Weeks JC. Site of oncologic specialty care for older adolescents in Utah. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(29):4616–4621.
  • Fern LA, Whelan JS. Recruitment of adolescents and young adults to cancer clinical trials – international comparisons, barriers, and implications. Semin Oncol. 2010;37(2):e1–e8.
  • Bleyer A, Budd T, Montello M. Adolescents and young adults with cancer: the scope of the problem and criticality of clinical trials. Cancer. 2006;107(Suppl 7):S1645–S1655.
  • Schmiegelow K, Heyman M, Gustafsson G, et al; Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO). The degree of myelosuppression during maintenance therapy of adolescents with B-lineage intermediate risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia predicts risk of relapse. Leukemia. 2010;24(4):715–720.
  • Martin S, Ulrich C, Munsell M, Taylor S, Lange G, Blever A. Delays in cancer diagnosis in underinsured young adults and older adolescents. Oncologist. 2007;12(7):816–824.
  • Boissel N, Auclerc MF, Lhèritier V et al. Should adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. J Clin Onc. 2003;21(5):774–780.
  • Stock W, La M, Sanford B, et al; Children’s Cancer Group; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Studies. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? A comparison of Children’s Cancer Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Blood. 2008;112(5):1646–1654.
  • Aguiar RC, Sohal J, van Rhee F, et al. TEL-AML1 fusion in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of adults. M.R.C. Adult Leukaemia Working Party. Br J Hematol. 1996;95(4):673–677.
  • Secker-Walker LM, Craig JM, Hawkins JM, Hoffbrand AV Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: age distribution, BCR breakpoint and prognostic significance. Leukemia. 1991;5(3):196–199.
  • Burmeister T, Gökbuget N, Schwartz S, et al. Clinical features and prognostic implications of TCF3-PBX1 and ETV6-RUNX1 in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2010;95(2):241–246.
  • Moorman AV Richards SM, Martineau M, et al; United Kingdom Medical Research Council’s Childhood Leukemia Working Party. Outcome heterogeneity in childhood high-hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2003;102(8):2756–2762.
  • Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Reiter A, et al. Prognostic impact of age in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: data from the trials ALL-BFM 86, 90, and 95. Klin Padiatr. 2005;217(6):310–320.
  • Pieters R, Kaspers GJ, Klumper E, Veerman AJ. Clinical relevance of in vitro drug resistance testing in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the state of the art. Med Pdiatr Oncol. 1994;22(5):299–308.
  • Raetz EA, Devidas M, Carroll AJ, et al; COG ALL Committee: Cytogenetic and early-response characteristics of adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A Children’s Oncology Group (COG) study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(Suppl 15):S9509. Abstract.
  • Coustan-Smith E, Mullighan CG, Onciu M, et al. Early T-cell precursor leukaemia: a subtype of very high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(2):147–156.
  • Neumann M, Heesch S, Gökbuget N, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of early T-cell precursor leukemia: a high-risk subgroup in adult T-ALL with a high frequency of FLT3 mutations. Blood Cancer J. 2012;2(1):e55.
  • Andreasson P, Schwaller J, Anastasiadou E, Aster J, Gilliland DG. The expression of ETV6/CBFA2 (TEL/AML1) is not sufficient for the transformation of hematopoietic cell lines in vitro or the induction of hematologic disease in vivo. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2001;130(2):93–104.
  • Morrow M, Horton S, Kioussis D, Brady HJ, Williams O. TEL-AML1 promotes development of specific hematopoietic lineages consistent with preleukemic activity. Blood. 2004;103(10):3890–3896.
  • Mullighan CG, Su X, Zhang J, et al; Children’s Oncology Group. Deletion of IKZF1 and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New Engl J Med. 2009;360(5):470–480.
  • Iacobucci I, Lonetti A, Paoloni F, et al. The PAX5 gene is frequently rearranged in BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia but is not associated with outcome. A report on behalf of the GIMEMA Acute Leukemia Working Party. Haematologica. 2010;95(10):1683–1690.
  • Mullighan CG, Zhang J, Harvey RC, et al. JAK mutations in high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(23):9414–9418.
  • Flex E, Petrangeli V, Stella L, et al. Somatically acquired JAK1 mutations in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Exp Med. 2008;205(4):751–758.
  • Mullighan CG, Miller CB, Radtke I, et al. BCR-ABL1 lymphoblastic leukaemia is characterized by the deletion of Ikaros. Nature. 2008;453(7191):110–114.
  • Kuiper RP, Waanders E, van der Velden VH, et al. IKZF1 deletions predict relapse in uniformly treated pediatric precursor B-ALL. Leukemia. 2010;24(7):1258–1264.
  • Russell LJ, Capasso M, Vater I, et al. Deregulated expression of cytokine receptor gene, CRLF2, is involved in lymphoid transformation in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2009;114(13):2688–2698.
  • Harvey RC, Mullighan CG, Chen IM, et al. Rearrangement of CRLF2 is associated with mutation of JAK kinases, alteration of IKZF1, Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, and a poor outcome in pediatric B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2012;115(26):5312–5321.
  • Mullighan CG, Collins-Underwood JR, Phillips LA, et al. Rearrangement of CRLF2 in B-progenitor- and Down syndrome-associated acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet. 2009;41(11):1243–1246.
  • Chen IM, Harvey RC, Mullighan CG, et al. Outcome modeling with CRLF2, IKZF1, JAK, and minimal residual disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children’s Oncology Group study. Blood. 2012;119(15):3512–3522.
  • Loh ML, Harvey RC, Mullighan CG, et al. A BCR-ABL1-like gene expression profile confers a poor prognosis in patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL): a report from Children’s Oncology Group (COG) AALL0232. Blood. 2011;118:743. Abstract.
  • Roberts KG, Morin RD, Zhang J, et al. Genetic alterations activating kinase and cytokine receptor signaling in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell. 2012;22(2):153–166.
  • Maude SL, Tasian SK, Vincent T, et al. Targeting mTOR and JAK2 in xenograft models of CRLF2-overexpressing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2012;120:3510–3518.
  • Moorman AV, Richards SM, Robinson HM, et al; UK Medical Research Council (MRC)/National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Childhood Leukaemia Working Party (CLWP). Prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21). Blood. 2007;109(6):2327–2330.
  • Inthal A, Zeitlhofer P, Zeginigg M, et al. CREBBP HAT domain mutations prevail in relapse cases of high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2012;26(8):1797–1803.
  • Hof J, Krentz S, van Schewick C, et al. Mutations and deletions of the TP53 gene predict nonresponse to treatment and poor outcome in first relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(23):3185–3193.
  • Den Boer ML, van Slegtenhorst M, De Menezes RX, et al. A subtype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with poor treatment outcome: a genome-wide classification study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(2):125–134.
  • Stock W. Adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010;2010(1):21–29.
  • DeAngelo DJ. The treatment of adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005:123–130.
  • Litzow MR. Evolving paradigms in the therapy of Philadelphia- chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:362–370.
  • Schafer ES, Hunger SP Optimal therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8(7):417–424.
  • Brandwein JM. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Curr Oncol Rep. 2011;13(5):371–378.
  • Litzow MR. Therapy of Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: new paradigms. Future Oncol. 2009;5(7):1039–1050.
  • Litzow MR. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000;1(1):19–29.
  • de Bont JM, Holt BV, Dekker AW, van der Does-van den Berg A, Sonneveld P, Pieters R. Significant difference in outcome for adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on pediatric vs adult protocols in The Netherlands. Leukemia. 2004;18(12):2032–2035.
  • Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: outcome on UK national paediatric (ALL97) and adult (UKALLXII/E2993) trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48(3):254–261.
  • Usvasalo A, Râty R, Knuutila S, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults in Finland. Haematologica. 2008;93(8):1161–1168.
  • Ram R, Wolach O, Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Shpilberg O, Raanani P Adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a better outcome when treated with pediatric-inspired regimens: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(5):472–478.
  • Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, et al. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(6):911–918.
  • Ribera JM, Oriol A, Sanz MA, et al. Comparison of the results of the treatment of adolescents and young adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Programa Español de Tratamiento en Hematologia pediatric-based protocol ALL-96. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(11):1843–1849.
  • Storring JM, Minden MD, Kao S, et al. Treatment of adults with BCR- ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a modified paediatric regimen. Br J Haematol. 2009;146(1):76–85.
  • Zhang MJ, Hoelzer D, Horowitz MM, et al. Long-term follow-up of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission treated with chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation. The Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Working Committee. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(6):428–431.
  • Thiebaut A, Vernant JP, Degos L, et al. Adult acute lymphocytic leukemia study testing chemotherapy and autologous and allogeneic transplantation. A follow-up report of the French protocol LALA 87. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000;14(6):1353–1366.
  • Thomas X, Boiron JM, Huguet F, et al. Outcome of treatment in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of the LALA-94 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(20):4075–4086.
  • Vey N, Thomas X, Picard C, et al; GET-LALA GROUP the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Allogeneic stem cell transplantation improves the outcome of adults with t(1;19)/E2 A-PBX1 and t(4;11)/MLL-AF4 positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the prospective multicenter LALA-94 study. Leukemia. 2006;20(12):2155–2161.
  • Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standardrisk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008;111(4):1827–1833.
  • Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Richards SM, et al. Prospective outcome data on 267 unselected adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia confirms superiority of allogeneic transplantation over chemotherapy in the pre-imatinib era: results from the International ALL Trial MRC UKALLXII/ECOG2993. Blood. 2009;113(19):4489–4496.
  • Dombret H, Gabert J, Boiron JM, et al; Groupe d’Etude et de Traitement de la Leucémie Aiguë Lymphoblastique de l’Adulte (GET-LALA Group). Outcome of treatment in adults with Philadelphia chromosome- positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia – results of the prospective multicenter LALA-94 trial. Blood. 2002;100(7):2357–2366.
  • Thomas DA, Faderl S, Cortes J, et al. Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate. Blood. 2004;103(12):4396–4407.
  • de Labarthe A, Rousselot P, Huguet-Rigal F, et al. Imatinib combined with induction or consolidation chemotherapy in patients with de novo Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the GRAAPH-2003 study. Blood. 2007;109(4):1408–1413.
  • Bassan R, Rossi G, Pogliani EM, et al. Chemotherapy-phased imatinib pulses improve long-term outcome of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Northern Italy Leukemia Group protocol 09/00. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(22):3644–3652.
  • Ravandi F, O’Brien S, Thomas D, et al. First report of phase 2 study of dasatinib with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010;116(12):2070–2077.
  • Cortes JE, Kantarjian H, Shah NP, et al. Ponatinib in refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. New Engl J Med. 2012;367(22):2075–2088.
  • Mathisen MS, Jabbour E, Kantarjian HM. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a focus on emerging investigational and targeted therapies. Oncology (Williston Park). 2012;26(9):851–859.
  • Litzow MR. Novel therapeutic approaches for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2011;25(6):1303–1317.
  • Kantarjian H, Thomas D, Wayne AS, O’Brien S. Monoclonal antibody- based therapies: a new dawn in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(31):3876–3883.
  • Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Jorgensen JL, et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with de novo precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2009;113(25):6330–6337.
  • Jeha S, Behm F, Pei D, et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2006;108(10):3302–33044.
  • Maury S, Huguet F, Leguay T, et al; Group for Research on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Adverse prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2010;95(2):324–328.
  • Bachanova V Sandhu K, Yohe S, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation overcomes the adverse prognostic impact of CD20 expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2011;117(19):5261–5263.
  • Hoelzer D, Ludwig WD, Thiel E, et al. Improved outcome in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1996;87(2):495–508.
  • Hoelzer D, Goekbuget N, Beck J, et al. Subtype adjusted therapy improves outcome of elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2004;104:2732. Abstract.
  • Thomas DA, Faderl S, O’Brien S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006;106(7):1569–1580.
  • Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Kantarjian HM. Monoclonal antibody therapy with rituximab for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(5):949–971.
  • Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Faderl S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with a modified hyper-CVAD and rituximab regimen improves outcome in de novo Philadelphia chromosome-negative precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(24):3880–3889.
  • Hoelzer D, Huettmann A, Kaul F. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab improves molecular CR rate and outcome in CD20+ B-lineage standard and high risk patients: Results of 263 CD20+ patients studied prospectively in GMALL study 07/2003. Blood. 2010;116:170. Abstract.
  • Bargou R, Leo E, Zugmaier G, et al. Tumor regression in cancer patients by very low doses of a T cell-engaging antibody. Science. 2008;321(5891):974–977.
  • Topp MS, Goekbuget N, Zugmaier G, et al. Anti-CD19 BiTE blina- tumomab induces high complete remission rate and prolongs overall survival in adult patients with relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2012;120:670. Abstract.
  • Stock W, Sanford B, Lozanski G, et al. Alemtuzumab can be incorporated into front-line therapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): final Phase I results of a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study (CALGB 10102). Blood. 2009;114:838. Abstract.
  • Raetz EA, Cairo MS, Borowitz MJ, et al; Children’s Oncology Group Pilot Study. Chemoimmunotherapy reinduction with epratuzumab in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in marrow relapse: a Children’s Oncology Group Pilot Study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(22):3756–3762.
  • Advani A, McDonough S, Coutre S, et al. Southwest Oncology Group Study S0910: a Phase 2 trial of clofarabine/cytarabine/ epratuzumab for relapsed/ refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2012;120:2603. Abstract.
  • Kantarjian H, Thomas D, Jorgensen J, et al. Inotuzumab ozogamicin, an anti-CD22-calecheamicin conjugate, for refractory and relapsed acute lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(4):403^411.
  • O’Brien S, Thomas DA, Jorgensen JL, et al. Experience with 2 Dose Schedules of Inotuzumab Ozogamicin, Single Dose, and Weekly, in Refractory-Relapsed Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2012;120:671. Abstract.
  • Wayne AS, Kreitman RJ, Findley HW, et al. Anti-CD22 immunotoxin RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22) for CD22-positive hematologic malignancies of childhood: preclinical studies and phase I clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(6):1894–1903.
  • Kreitman RJ, Tallman MS, Robak T, et al. Phase I trial of anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox (CAT-8015 or HA22) in patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15):1822–1828.
  • Wayne AS, Bhojwani D, Silverman LB, et al. A novel anti-CD22 immunotoxin, moxetumomab pasudotox: Phase I study in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2011;18:248. Abstract.
  • Yang H, Hoshino K, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G. Antileukemia activity of the combination of 5-aza- 2/-deoxycytidine with valproic acid. LeukRes. 2005;29(7):739–748.
  • Garcia-Manero G, Thomas DA, Rytting ME, et al. Final Report of a Phase I Trial of Deciabine with or without hyperCVAD In Relapsed Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2010;116(21):867. Abstract.
  • Jeha S, Gaynon PS, Razzouk BI, et al. Phase II study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(12):1917–1923.
  • O’Connor D, Sibson K, Caswell M, et al. Early UK experience in the use of clofarabine in the treatment of relapsed and refractory paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2011;154(4):482–485.
  • Barba P, Sampol A, Calbacho M, et al. Clofarabine-based chemotherapy for relapsed/refractory adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma. The Spanish experience. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(6):631–634.
  • DeAngelo DJ, Yu D, Johnson JL, et al. Nelarabine induces complete remissions in adults with relapsed or refractory T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B study 19801. Blood. 2007;109(12):5136–5142.
  • Gokbuget N, Basara N, Baurmann H, et al. High single-drug activity of nelarabine in relapsed T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma offers curative option with subsequent stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2011;118(13):3504–3511.
  • Jain P, Kantarjian HM, Kantarjian HM, Thomas DA, et al. Phase II study of nelarabine with hyper-CVAD in patients with previously untreated T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). Blood. 2012;120:1501. Abstract.
  • Hallböök H, Gustafsson G, Smedmyr B, Soderhall S, Heyman M; Swedish Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Group; Swedish Childhood Leukemia Group. Treatment outcome in young adults and children > 10 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden: a comparison between a pediatric protocol and an adult protocol. Cancer. 2006;107(7):1551–1561.
  • López-Hernández MA, Alvarado-Ibarra M, Jimènez-Alvarado RM, De Diego-Flores JE, González-Avante CM. Adolescents with de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia: efficacy and safety of a pediatric vs adult treatment protocol. Gac MedMex. 2008;144(6):485–489. Spanish.
  • Alves M, Daudt L, Mazzucco KLM, et al. Is it better to treat adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia as old children or as young adults? Blood. 2008;112:3968. Abstract.
  • Haiat S, Vekhoff A, Marzac C, et al. Improved outcome of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pediatric protocol: results of a pilot study. Blood. 2007;110:2822. Abstract.
  • Testi AM, Valsecchi MG, Conter V et al. Difference in Outcome of Adolescents with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Enrolled in Pediatric (AIEOP) and Adult (GIMEMA) Protocols. Blood. 2004;104: 1954. Abstract.
  • Pui CH, Relling MV, Downing JR. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New Engl J Med. 2004;350(15):1535–1548.