Improving Exercise-Based Interventions for People Living with Both COPD and Frailty: A Realist Review

References

• MarengoniA, VetranoDL, Manes-GravinaE, BernabeiR, OnderG, PalmerK. The relationship between COPD and frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chest. 2018;154(1):21–40. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.01429477493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-ManasL, FeartC, MannG, et al. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement: the frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(1):62–67. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls11922511289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorleyJE, VellasB, van KanGA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392–397. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.02223764209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesSE, MaddocksM, KonSS, et al. Sarcopenia in COPD: prevalence, clinical correlates and response to pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax. 2015;70(3):213–218. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-20644025561517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaliziaG, CacciatoreF, TestaG, et al. Role of clinical frailty on long-term mortality of elderly subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2011;23(2):118–125. doi:10.1007/BF335107621743290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaz FragosoCA, EnrightPL, McAvayG, Van NessPH, GillTM. Frailty and respiratory impairment in older persons. Am J Med. 2012;125(1):79–86. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.02422195532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernabeu-MoraR, Garcia-GuillamonG, Valera-NovellaE, Gimenez-GimenezLM, Escolar-ReinaP, Medina-MirapeixF. Frailty is a predictive factor of readmission within 90 days of hospitalization for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a longitudinal study. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2017;11(10):383–392. doi:10.1177/175346581772631428849736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KonSS, JonesSE, SchofieldSJ, et al. Gait speed and readmission following hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of COPD: a prospective study. Thorax. 2015;70(12):1131–1137. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-20704626283709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KusunoseM, OgaT, NakamuraS, HasegawaY, NishimuraK. Frailty and patient-reported outcomes in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are they independent entities? BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017;4(1):e000196. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaddocksM, KonSSC, CanavanJL, et al. Physical frailty and pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a prospective cohort study. Thorax. 2016;71(11):988–995. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-20846027293209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValenzaMC, Torres-SanchezI, Cabrera-MartosI, Rodriguez-TorresJ, Gonzalez-JimenezE, Munoz-CasaubonT. Physical activity as a predictor of absence of frailty in subjects with stable COPD and COPD exacerbation. Respir Care. 2016;61(2):212–219. doi:10.4187/respcare.0411826535000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SingerJP, LedererDJ, BaldwinMR. Frailty in pulmonary and critical care medicine. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(8):1394–1404. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-833FR27104873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthyB, CaseyD, DevaneD, MurphyK, MurphyE, LacasseY. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PuhanMA, Gimeno-SantosE, ScharplatzM, TroostersT, WaltersEH, SteurerJ. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamaraRJ, SpencerL, DaleM, LeungRWM, McKeoughZJ. Alternative exercise and breathing interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a critical review. Eur Med J Res. 2018;6(1):117–127.
   Google Scholar
• LopezP, PintoRS, RadaelliR, et al. Benefits of resistance training in physically frail elderly: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(8):889–899. doi:10.1007/s40520-017-0863-z29188577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TullochA, BombellH, DeanC, TiedemannA. Yoga-based exercise improves health-related quality of life and mental well-being in older people: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Age Ageing. 2018;47(4):537–544. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy04429584813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CleggAP, BarberSE, YoungJB, ForsterA, IliffeSJ. Do home-based exercise interventions improve outcomes for frail older people? Findings from a systematic review. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2012;22(1):68–78. doi:10.1017/S095925981100016527226701
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BoneAE, HepgulN, KonS, MaddocksM. Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease: lessons from gerontology. Chron Resp Dis. 2017;14(1):85–99. doi:10.1177/1479972316679664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeatingA, LeeA, HollandAE. What prevents people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from attending pulmonary rehabilitation? A systematic review. Chron Resp Dis. 2011;8(2):89–99. doi:10.1177/1479972310393756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThorpeO, JohnstonK, KumarS. Barriers and enablers to physical activity participation in patients with COPD a systematic review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2012;32(6):359–369. doi:10.1097/HCR.0b013e318262d7df22941449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoxNS, OliveiraCC, LahhamA, HollandAE. Pulmonary rehabilitation referral and participation are commonly influenced by environment, knowledge, and beliefs about consequences: a systematic review using the theoretical domains framework. J Physiother. 2017;63(2):84–93. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2017.02.00228433238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MilnerSC, BoruffJT, BeaurepaireC, AhmedS, Janaudis-FerreiraT. Rate of, and barriers and enablers to, pulmonary rehabilitation referral in COPD: a systematic scoping review. Respir Med. 2018;137:103–114. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.02.02129605192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrawleyLR, RejeskiWJ, KingAC. Promoting physical activity for older adults: the challenges for changing behavior. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25(3, Supplement 2):172–183. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00182-X14552942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JadczakAD, DollardJ, MahajanN, VisvanathanR. The perspectives of pre-frail and frail older people on being advised about exercise: a qualitative study. Fam Pract. 2018;35(3):330–335. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmx10829145588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CraigP, DieppeP, MacintyreS, MichieS, NazarethI, PetticrewM. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. Brit Med J. 2008;337:a1655.18824488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeroyKR, BibeauD, StecklerA, GlanzK. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(4):351–377. doi:10.1177/1090198188015004013068205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FletcherA, JamalF, MooreG, EvansRE, MurphyS, BonellC. Realist complex intervention science: applying realist principles across all phases of the Medical Research Council framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Evaluation (Lond). 2016;22(3):286–303. doi:10.1177/135638901665274327478401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MooreGF, EvansRE. What theory, for whom and in which context? Reflections on the application of theory in the development and evaluation of complex population health interventions. SSM Popul Health. 2017;3:132–135. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.12.00529302610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WongG, GreenhalghT, WesthorpG, BuckinghamJ, PawsonR. RAMESES publication standards: realist syntheses. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):21. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-2123360677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BunnF, GoodmanC, Reece JonesP, et al. What works for whom in the management of diabetes in people living with dementia: a realist review. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):141. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0909-228750628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KastnerM, HaydenL, WongG, et al. Underlying mechanisms of complex interventions addressing the care of older adults with multimorbidity: a realist review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(4):e025009. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PawsonR, GreenhalghT, HarveyG, WalsheK. Realist review - a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005;10(Suppl 1):21–34. doi:10.1258/135581905430853016053581
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WongG, WesthorpG, PawsonR, GreenhalghT Realist synthesis: RAMESES training materials. 2013 Retrieved from: http://ramesesproject.org/media/Realist_reviews_training_materials.pdf. Accessed 726, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• CaspersenCJ, PowellKE, ChristensonGM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126–131.3920711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MirzaS, ClayRD, KoslowMA, ScanlonPD. COPD guidelines: a review of the 2018 GOLD report. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2018;93(10):1488–1502. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diagnosing and assessing COPD. 2019 Retrieved from: https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease#path=view%3A/pathways/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/diagnosing-and-assessing-COPD.xml&content=view-info-category%3Aview-about-menu. Accessed 18, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• FriedLP, TangenCM, WalstonJ, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–M156. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.M14611253156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuralnikJM, SimonsickEM, FerrucciL, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85–M94. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.M858126356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Reflection paper on physical frailty: instruments for baseline characterisation of older populations in clinical trials. 2018 Retrieved from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/scientific-guideline/reflection-paper-physical-frailty-instruments-baseline-characterisation-older-populations-clinical_en.pdf. Accsessed 1002, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• RockwoodK, SongX, MacKnightC, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489–495. doi:10.1503/cmaj.05005116129869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PaulsonD, LichtenbergPA. The paulson-lichtenberg frailty index: evidence for a self-report measure of frailty. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(10):892–901. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.98664525537004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenhalghT, MacfarlaneF, SteedL, WaltonR. What works for whom in pharmacist-led smoking cessation support: realist review. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):209. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0749-527978837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchreudersM, NuytsPAW, van den PutteB, KunstAE. Understanding the impact of school tobacco policies on adolescent smoking behaviour: a realist review. Soc Sci Med. 2017;183:19–27. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.03128458071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-SanchezI, ValenzaMC, Cabrera-MartosI, Lopez-TorresI, Benitez-FeliponiA, Conde-ValeroA. Effects of an exercise intervention in frail older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalized due to an exacerbation: a randomized controlled trial. COPD. 2017;14(1):37–42. doi:10.1080/15412555.2016.120947627715322
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VivodtzevI, PépinJ-L, VotteroG, et al. Improvement in quadriceps strength and dyspnea in daily tasks after 1 month of electrical stimulation in severely deconditioned and malnourished COPD. Chest. 2006;129(6):1540–1548. doi:10.1378/chest.129.6.154016778272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoxallA-M, BarclayL, SayersA, CaplanGA. Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community: a randomized controlled trial of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation for elderly housebound patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2005;25(6):378–385. doi:10.1097/00008483-200511000-00012
   Google Scholar
• WedzichaJA, BestallJC, GarrodR, GarnhamR, PaulEA, JonesPW. Randomized controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the MRC dyspnoea scale. Eur Respir J. 1998;12(2):363–369. doi:10.1183/09031936.98.120203639727786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KennedyC, NovotnyP, LeBrasseurN, WiseR, SciurbaF, BenzoR. Does pulmonary rehabilitation impact frailty? Am J Transplant. 2015;15(Supplement):3. doi:10.1111/ajt.13045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KennedyC, NovotnyP, StevensE, et al. Prospective trial using pulmonary rehabilitation to treat frailty. Paper presented at: 2018 American Transplant Congress; 2018; Seattle, WA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• McClellanR, AmiriHM, LimsuwatC, NugentKM. Pulmonary rehabilitation increases gait speed in patients with chronic lung diseases. Health Serv Res Managerial Epidemiol. 2014;1:2333392814533659. doi:10.1177/2333392814533659
   Google Scholar
• MittalN, RajR, IslamE, NugentK. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves frailty and gait speed in some ambulatory patients with chronic lung diseases. Southwest Res Crit Care Chronicals. 2015;3(12):2–10.
   Google Scholar
• PlasJ, Ter BeekL, van der VaartH, Jager-WittenaarH. Improvement in frailty status after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(Supplement 1):S116–S117. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(19)32787-6
   Google Scholar
• SullivanKO, MulkernsA, ToolePO, McDonnellTJ. Does pulmonary rehabilitation reduce frailty in patients with COPD? Irish J Med Sci. 2016;185:S464–S464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlindenbachS, VranckenJWFA, van der ZeijdenH, et al. Effects of geriatric COPD rehabilitation on hospital admissions and exercise tolerance: a retrospective observational study. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;48(3):112–120. doi:10.1007/s12439-017-0214-828447319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Dam van IsseltEF, SpruitM, Groenewegen-SipkemaKH, ChavannesNH, AchterbergWP. Geriatric rehabilitation for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a naturalistic prospective cohort study on feasibility and course of health status. Chron Resp Dis. 2014;11(2):111–119. doi:10.1177/1479972314529674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam van IsseltEF, van EijkM, van GelovenN, et al. A prospective cohort study on the effects of geriatric rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(7):850–856.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.02.02530982715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LizakMK, SinghS, LubinaS, ZembalaM. Female and male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with severe dyspnea do not profit less from pulmonary rehabilitation. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2008;118(7–8):413–418.18714736
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OsadnikC, LoeckxM, LouvarisZ, et al. The likelihood of improving physical activity after pulmonary rehabilitation is increased in patients with COPD who have better exercise tolerance. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:3515–3527. doi:10.2147/COPD.S17482730498342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenzoR, WetzsteinM, NeuenfeldtP, McEvoyC. Implementation of physical activity programs after COPD hospitalizations: lessons from a randomized study. Chron Resp Dis. 2015;12(1):5–10. doi:10.1177/1479972314562208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrightonLJ, BristoweK, BaylyJ, et al. Experiences of pulmonary rehabilitation in people living with COPD and frailty:a qualitative interview study. Under Review.
   Google Scholar
• HarrisonSL, RobertsonN, AppsL, SteinerMC, MorganMDL, SinghSJ. “We are not worthy” - understanding why patients decline pulmonary rehabilitation following an acute exacerbation of COPD. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(9):750–756. doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.93977025009949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MatharH, FastholmP, LangeP, LarsenNS. Why do patients decline participation in offered pulmonary rehabilitation? A qualitative study. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(12):1674–1683. doi:10.1177/026921551770882128523990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam van IsseltEF, Spruit-van EijkM, ChavannesNH, AchterbergWP, Groenewegen-SipkemaKH. Geriatric rehabilitation for patients with advanced COPD: programme characteristics and case studies. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2013;19(3):141–146. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2013.19.3.14123665572
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Celis-PreciadoCA, BordaM, CastelblancoS, et al. Sarcopenia and frailty, two new domains in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prognosis: a systematic review. Am J Resp Crit Care. 2017;195.
   Google Scholar
• CesariM, CostanzoL, GiuaR, VellasB, IncalziRA. Physical function and exercise in older patients with cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(19):3198–3214. doi:10.2174/1381612811319666069124050164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AttwellL, VassalloM. Response to pulmonary rehabilitation in older people with physical frailty, sarcopenia and chronic lung disease. Geriatrics. 2017;2(1):9. doi:10.3390/geriatrics2010009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CrisafulliE, MorandiA, OliviniA, MalerbaM, CliniEM. Rehabilitation and supportive therapy in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Intern Med. 2014;25(4):329–335. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2014.01.00324472694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HollandAE, HarrisonSL, BrooksD. Multimorbidity, frailty and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are the challenges for pulmonary rehabilitation in the name? Chron Resp Dis. 2016;13(4):372–382. doi:10.1177/1479972316670104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuanC, NiuH. Frailty assessment in older adults with chronic obstructive respiratory diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:1513–1524. doi:10.2147/CIA.S17323930214171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BentonMJ, SwanPD. Addition of resistance training to pulmonary rehabilitation programs: an evidence-based rationale and guidelines for use of resistance training with elderly patients with COPD. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2006;17(4):127–133. doi:10.1097/01823246-200617040-00002
   Google Scholar
• SpruitMA, WoutersEFM. Organizational aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic respiratory diseases. Respirology. 2019. doi:10.1111/resp.13512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WedzichaJA. Rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 1996;348(9042):1661. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65728-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CharbekE, EspirituJR, NayakR, MorleyJE. Frailty, comorbidity, and COPD. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(8):876–879. doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1068-730272086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DyerC, PughL. Lung health in older adults. Age & Ageing. 2019;48(3):319–322. doi:10.1093/ageing/afz00830794308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DentE, MartinFC, BergmanH, WooJ, Romero-OrtunoR, WalstonJD. Management of frailty: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1376–1386. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31785-431609229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TroostersT, BlondeelA, JanssensW, DemeyerH. The past, present and future of pulmonary rehabilitation. Respirology. 2019;24(9):830–837. doi:10.1111/resp.v24.930868699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamaraRJ, DaleM, McKeoughZJ. Innovative strategies to improve the reach and engagement in pulmonary rehabilitation. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(S17):S2192–S2199. doi:10.21037/jtd31737346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThiyagarajanJA, Araujo de CarvalhoI, Pena-RosasJP, et al. Redesigning care for older people to preserve physical and mental capacity: WHO guidelines on community-level interventions in integrated care. PLoS Med. 2019;16(10):e1002948. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100294831626651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiangJ, AbramsonMJ, RussellG, et al. Interdisciplinary COPD intervention in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(4):1801530. doi:10.1183/13993003.01530-201830792342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrightonLJ, MillerS, FarquharM, et al. Holistic services for people with advanced disease and chronic breathlessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2019;74(3):270–281. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-21158930498004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesAV, EvansRA, EsligerDW, SherarLB, SinghSJ. Protocol for a feasibility trial to inform the development of a breathlessness rehabilitation programme for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure (the COHERE trial). BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e029387. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MooreGF, AudreyS, BarkerM, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2015;350(mar19 6):h1258. doi:10.1136/bmj.h125825791983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SteinerM, McMillanV, LoweD, et al. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: An Exercise in Improvement. National Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Audit Programme: Clinical and Organisational Audits of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Services in England and Wales 2017. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• NolanCM, KaliarajuD, JonesSE, et al. Home versus outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a propensity-matched cohort study. Thorax. 2019;74(10):996–998. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-21276531278173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar