References
- GalieN, HumbertM, VachieryJL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the joint task force for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): endorsed by: association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J. 2015;46(4):903–975. doi:10.1183/13993003.01032-201526318161
- KesslerR, FallerM, WeitzenblumE, et al. “Natural history” of pulmonary hypertension in a series of 131 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(2):219–224. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.2.200612911463591
- LettieriCJ, NathanSD, BarnettSD, AhmadS, ShorrAF. Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2006;129(3):746–752. doi:10.1378/chest.129.3.74616537877
- HanMK, McLaughlinVV, CrinerGJ, MartinezFJ. Pulmonary diseases and the heart. Circulation. 2007;116(25):2992–3005. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.68520618086941
- PinskyMR. The right ventricle: interaction with the pulmonary circulation. Crit Care. 2016;20:266. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1440-027613549
- TeradaLS, GuidotDM, LeffJA, et al. Hypoxia injures endothelial cells by increasing endogenous xanthine oxidase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(8):3362–3366. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.33621314387
- KjæveJ, VeelT, BjertniesL. Allopurinol inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Role of toxic oxygen metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990;34(5):384–388. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03107.x2389653
- WilliamsA, ChenL, ScharfS. Effects of allopurinol on cardiac function and oxidant stress in chronic intermittent hypoxia. Sleep Breath. 2010;14(1):51–57. doi:10.1007/s11325-009-0279-x19603215
- DoppJM, PhilippiNR, MarcusNJ, et al. Xanthine oxidase inhibition attenuates endothelial dysfunction caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats. Respiration. 2011;82(5):458–467. doi:10.1159/00032934121846958
- El SolhAA, SalibaR, BosinskiT, GrantBJB, BerbaryE, MillerN. Allopurinol improves endothelial function in sleep apnoea: a randomised controlled study. Eur Resp J. 2006;27(5):997–1002. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00101005
- TakimotoE, KassDA. Role of oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Hypertension. 2007;49(2):241–248. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000254415.31362.a717190878
- KaoMP, AngDS, GandySJ, et al. Allopurinol benefits left ventricular mass and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(7):1382–1389. doi:10.1681/ASN.201011118521719783
- RekhrajS, GandySJ, SzwejkowskiBR, et al. High-dose allopurinol reduces left ventricular mass in patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(9):926–932. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.06623449426
- SzwejkowskiBR, GandySJ, RekhrajS, et al. Allopurinol reduces left ventricular mass in patients with type 2 diabetes and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(24):2284–2293. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.07423994420
- FerrazzaA, MarinoB, GiustiV, AffinitoV, RagoneseP. Usefulness of left and right oblique subcostal view in the echo-Doppler investigation of pulmonary arterial blood flow in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The subxiphoid view in the echo-Doppler evaluation of pulmonary blood flow. Chest. 1990;98(2):286–289. doi:10.1378/chest.98.2.2862376159
- DabestaniA, MahanG, GardinJM, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure and resistance by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(6):662–668. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)91189-13825910
- MillerMR, HankinsonJ, BrusascoV, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319–338. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.0003480516055882
- ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111–117. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at110212091180
- Weir-McCallJR, Liu-Shiu-CheongPS, StruthersAD, LipworthBJ, HoustonJG. Pulmonary arterial stiffening in COPD and its implications for right ventricular remodelling. Eur Radiol. 2018;28:3464–3472. doi:10.1007/s00330-018-5346-x29488084
- MRD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(17):1098.3657876
- BradlowWM, HughesML, KeenanNG, et al. Measuring the heart in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): implications for trial study size. J Magnetic Resonance Imag. 2010;31(1):117–124. doi:10.1002/jmri.22011
- KovacsG, AgustiA, BarberaJA, et al. Pulmonary vascular involvement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. is there a pulmonary vascular phenotype? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(8):1000–1011. doi:10.1164/rccm.201801-0095PP29746142
- van WolferenSA, BoonstraA, MarcusJT, et al. Right ventricular reverse remodelling after sildenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Heart. 2006;92(12):1860–1861. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.08511817105892
- WilkinsMR, PaulGA, StrangeJW, et al. Sildenafil versus Endothelin Receptor Antagonist for Pulmonary Hypertension (SERAPH) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(11):1292–1297. doi:10.1164/rccm.200410-1411OC15750042
- PeacockAJ, CrawleyS, McLureL, et al. Changes in right ventricular function measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients receiving pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted therapy: the EURO-MR study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(1):107–114. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.00062924173272
- MichelakisED, TymchakW, NogaM, et al. Long-term treatment with oral sildenafil is safe and improves functional capacity and hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2003;108(17):2066–2069. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000099502.17776.C214568893
- RoeleveldRJ, Vonk-NoordegraafA, MarcusJT, et al. Effects of epoprostenol on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2004;125(2):572–579. doi:10.1378/chest.125.2.57214769740
- van de VeerdonkMC, In TVAEH, MarcusJT, et al. Upfront combination therapy reduces right ventricular volumes in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:6. doi:10.1183/13993003.00007-2017
- JohnsCS, RajaramS, CapenerDA, et al. Non-invasive methods for estimating mPAP in COPD using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(4):1438–1448. doi:10.1007/s00330-017-5143-y29147768
- SabaTS, FosterJ, CockburnM, CowanM, PeacockAJ. Ventricular mass index using magnetic resonance imaging accurately estimates pulmonary artery pressure. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(6):1519–1524. doi:10.1183/09031936.02.0001460212503713
- SimpsonCE, DamicoRL, KolbTM, et al. Ventricular mass as a prognostic imaging biomarker in incident pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53:4. doi:10.1183/13993003.02067-2018
- HohlfeldJM, Vogel-ClaussenJ, BillerH, et al. Effect of lung deflation with indacaterol plus glycopyrronium on ventricular filling in patients with hyperinflation and COPD (CLAIM): a double-blind, randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(5):368–378. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30054-729477448
- StoneIS, BarnesNC, JamesWY, et al. Lung deflation and cardiovascular structure and function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(7):717–726. doi:10.1164/rccm.201508-1647OC26550687
- HirschGA, BottomleyPA, GerstenblithG, WeissRG. Allopurinol acutely increases adenosine triphospate energy delivery in failing human hearts. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(9):802–808. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.89522361399
- KielyDG, CargillRI, WheeldonNM, CoutieWJ, LipworthBJ. Haemodynamic and endocrine effects of type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade in patients with hypoxaemic cor pulmonale. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;33(1):201–208. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(96)00180-09059545