Systemic Galectin-3 in Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis: The Impact of Exacerbations

References

• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), 2020. Available from: www.goldcopd.org.
   Google Scholar
• Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), 2019. Available from: www.goldcopd.org.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Sun S, Tang R, et al. Major air pollutants and risk of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:3079–3091. doi:10.2147/COPD.S122282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuzzi G, Galeone C, Taverna F, Suatoni P, Morelli D, Pastorino U. C-reactive protein level predicts mortality in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160070. doi:10.1183/16000617.0070-2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller BE, Tal-Singer R, Rennard SI, et al. Plasma fibrinogen qualification as a drug development tool in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Perspective of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease biomarker qualification consortium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(6):607–613. doi:10.1164/rccm.201509-1722PP
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNee W. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers and co-morbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Med. 2013;45(3):291–300. doi:10.3109/07853890.2012.732703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bchir S, Ben Nasr H, Garrouch A, et al. MMP-3 (−1171 5A/6A; Lys45Glu) variants affect serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and correlate with severity of COPD: a study of MMP-3, MMP-7 and MMP-12 in a Tunisian population. J Gene Med. 2018;20(1):e2999. doi:10.1002/jgm.2999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder R, Ronmark E, Pourazar J, Behndig A, Blomberg A, Lindberg A. Serum metalloproteinase-9 is related to COPD severity and symptoms - cross-sectional data from a population based cohort-study. Respir Res. 2015;16:28. doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0188-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins NM, Virani S, Ceconi C. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the challenges facing physicians and health services. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(36):2795–2803. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho J, He W, Chan MTV, et al. Eosinophilia and clinical outcome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):13451. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13745-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusselle G, Pavord ID, Landis S, et al. Blood eosinophil levels as a biomarker in COPD. Respir Med. 2018;138:21–31. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler CC, Gillespie D, White P, et al. C-reactive protein testing to guide antibiotic prescribing for COPD exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(2):111–120. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1803185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RC. Mac-2: a versatile galactose-binding protein of mammalian tissues. Glycobiology. 1994;4(1):5–12. doi:10.1093/glycob/4.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Alvarez L, Ortega E. The many roles of galectin-3, a multifaceted molecule, in innate immune responses against pathogens. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:9247574. doi:10.1155/2017/9247574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannes L, Jacob R, Leffler H. Galectins at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2018;131(9):jcs208884. doi:10.1242/jcs.208884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu FT, Hsu DK, Zuberi RI, Kuwabara I, Chi EY, Henderson WR Jr. Expression and function of galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, in human monocytes and macrophages. Am J Pathol. 1995;147(4):1016–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovina N, Koutsoukou A, Koulouris NG. Inflammation and immune response in COPD: where do we stand? Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:413735. doi:10.1155/2013/413735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stefano A, Capelli A, Lusuardi M, et al. Severity of airflow limitation is associated with severity of airway inflammation in smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(4):1277–1285. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almkvist J, Karlsson A. Galectins as inflammatory mediators. Glycoconj J. 2002;19(7–9):575–581. doi:10.1023/B:GLYC.0000014088.21242.e0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inohara H, Raz A. Functional evidence that cell surface galectin-3 mediates homotypic cell adhesion. Cancer Res. 1995;55(15):3267–3271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara I, Liu FT. Galectin-3 promotes adhesion of human neutrophils to laminin. J Immunol. 1996;156(10):3939–3944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato S, Ouellet N, Pelletier I, Simard M, Rancourt A, Bergeron MG. Role of galectin-3 as an adhesion molecule for neutrophil extravasation during streptococcal pneumonia. J Immunol. 2002;168(4):1813–1822. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaoka A, Kuwabara I, Frigeri LG, Liu FT. A human lectin, galectin-3 (epsilon bp/Mac-2), stimulates superoxide production by neutrophils. J Immunol. 1995;154(7):3479–3487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson A, Follin P, Leffler H, Dahlgren C. Galectin-3 activates the NADPH-oxidase in exudated but not peripheral blood neutrophils. Blood. 1998;91(9):3430–3438. doi:10.1182/blood.V91.9.3430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson A, Christenson K, Matlak M, et al. Galectin-3 functions as an opsonin and enhances the macrophage clearance of apoptotic neutrophils. Glycobiology. 2009;19(1):16–20. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwn104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden JR, Kunkel D, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. The role of galectin-3 in phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis by human neutrophils. Cell Microbiol. 2013;15(7):1127–1142. doi:10.1111/cmi.12103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iurisci I, Tinari N, Natoli C, Angelucci D, Cianchetti E, Iacobelli S. Concentrations of galectin-3 in the sera of normal controls and cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(4):1389–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka Y, Fukumori T, Raz A. Galectin-3 and metastasis. Glycoconj J. 2002;19(7–9):543–549. doi:10.1023/B:GLYC.0000014084.01324.15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu LG. Circulating galectin-3 in the bloodstream: an emerging promoter of cancer metastasis. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2010;2(4):177–180. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i4.177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Velde AR, Meijers WC, Ho JE, et al. Serial galectin-3 and future cardiovascular disease in the general population. Heart. 2016;102(14):1134–1141. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer RA, Lok DJ, Jaarsma T, et al. Predictive value of plasma galectin-3 levels in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Ann Med. 2011;43(1):60–68. doi:10.3109/07853890.2010.538080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilette C, Colinet B, Kiss R, et al. Increased galectin-3 expression and intra-epithelial neutrophils in small airways in severe COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(5):914–922. doi:10.1183/09031936.00073005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, Wu X, Li S, et al. Association of serum galectin-3 with the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:4612–4618. doi:10.12659/MSM.903472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim V, Han MK, Vance GB, et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene Study. Chest. 2011;140(3):626–633. doi:10.1378/chest.10-2948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andelid K, Andersson A, Yoshihara S, et al. Systemic signs of neutrophil mobilization during clinically stable periods and during exacerbations in smokers with obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1253–1263. doi:10.2147/COPD.S77274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andelid K, Tengvall S, Andersson A, et al. Systemic cytokine signaling via IL-17 in smokers with obstructive pulmonary disease: a link to bacterial colonization? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:689–702. doi:10.2147/COPD.S76273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD); 2011. Available from: www.goldcopd.org.
   Google Scholar
• Kim V, Criner GJ. Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(3):228–237. doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavailles A, Brinchault-Rabin G, Dixmier A, et al. Comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(130):454–475. doi:10.1183/09059180.00008612
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambade VN, Sontakke AN, Barthwal MS, Tyagi R, Basannar DR. Diagnostic utility of biomarkers in COPD. Respir Care. 2015;60(12):1729–1742. doi:10.4187/respcare.03753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl M, Vestbo J, Lange P, Bojesen SE, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(3):250–255. doi:10.1164/rccm.200605-713OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng ZC, Zhao P, Cao C, et al. C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(2):443–446. doi:10.3892/etm.2013.1441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller T, Leitner I, Egger M, Haltmayer M, Dieplinger B. Association of the biomarkers soluble ST2, galectin-3 and growth-differentiation factor-15 with heart failure and other non-cardiac diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;445:155–160. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukaro VR, Bylund J, Hodge G, et al. Lectins offer new perspectives in the development of macrophage-targeted therapies for COPD/emphysema. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56147. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsokera A, Kiropoulos TS, Nikoulis DJ, et al. Clinical, functional and biochemical changes during recovery from COPD exacerbations. Respir Med. 2009;103(6):919–926. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:754. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, et al. Galectin-3: one molecule for an alphabet of diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):379. doi:10.3390/ijms19020379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christenson RH, Duh SH, Wu AH, et al. Multi-center determination of galectin-3 assay performance characteristics: anatomy of a novel assay for use in heart failure. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(7–8):683–690. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer RA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gansevoort RT, et al. The fibrosis marker galectin-3 and outcome in the general population. J Intern Med. 2012;272(1):55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02476.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar