Diagnostic Accuracy of a Two-Stage Sequential Screening Strategy Implemented by Community Health Workers (CHWs) to Identify Individuals with COPD in Rural India

References

• Salvi S, Kumar GA, Dhaliwal RS, et al. The burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their heterogeneity across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(12):e1363–e74. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30409-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamprecht B, Studnicka M, Soriano J, et al. Heterogeneity in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results from BOLD, EPI-SCAN, PLATINO, and PREPOCOL. Eur Respir Journal. 2013;42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Padilla R, Thirion-Romero I, Guzman N. Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: should smokers be offered routine spirometry tests? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(2):83–85. doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1419868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLD. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2020.Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2020 GOLD Reports. 2020 Global Strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. Available from: https://goldcopd.org/gold-reports. Accessed March November, 2020
   Google Scholar
• Vanjare N, Chhowala S, Madas S, Kodgule R, Gogtay J, Salvi S. Use of spirometry among chest physicians and primary care physicians in India. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2016;26. doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan A, Thomas M. Screening for COPD: the gap between logic and evidence. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26:143. doi:10.1183/16000617.0113-2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell DE, Hernandez P, Kaplan A, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2008 update - highlights for primary care. Can Respir J. 2008;15 Suppl A:1a–8a. doi:10.1155/2008/641965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotz D, Nelemans P, van Schayck CP, Wesseling GJ. External validation of a COPD diagnostic questionnaire. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(2):298–303. doi:10.1183/09031936.00074307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirven JAM, Tange HJ, Muris JWM, van Haaren KMA, Vink G, van Schayck OCP. Early detection of COPD in general practice: patient or practice managed? A randomised controlled trial of two strategies in different socioeconomic environments. Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(3):331–337. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00070
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanley AJ, Hasan I, Crockett AJ, van Schayck OCP, Zwar NA. COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire. (CDQ) for selecting at-risk patients for spirometry: a cross-sectional study in Australian general practice. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2014;24(1):14024. doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2014.24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujita M, Nagashima K, Takahashi S, Suzuki K, Fujisawa T, Hata A. Handheld flow meter improves COPD detectability regardless of using a conventional questionnaire: a split-sample validation study. Respirology. 2020;25(2):191–197. doi:10.1111/resp.13602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanney MP, Jensen RL, Crichton DA, Beckert LE, Cardno LA, Crapo RO. FEV6 is an acceptable surrogate for FVC in the spirometric diagnosis of airway obstruction and restriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3):917–919. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9907115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao KD, Bhatnagar A, Berman P. So many, yet few: human resources for health in India. Hum Resour Health. 2012;10(19). doi:10.1186/1478-4491-10-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AV, Phatak AG, Patel MU, et al. Effectiveness of a community health worker (CHW) training in monitoring and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in rural Gujarat, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(4):1910–1914. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1193_19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohan S, Jarhyan P, Ghosh S, et al. UDAY: a comprehensive diabetes and hypertension prevention and management program in India. BMJ Open. 2018;8(6):e015919. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanania NA, Mannino DM, Yawn BP, et al. Predicting risk of airflow obstruction in primary care: validation of the lung function questionnaire (LFQ). Respir Med. 2010;104(8):1160–1170. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco-Marina F, Fernandez-Plata R, Torre-Bouscoulet L, et al. Efficient screening for COPD using three steps: a cross-sectional study in Mexico City. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2014;24:1400. doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2014.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JF, Korevaar DA, Altman DG, et al. STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration. BMJ Open. 2016;6(11):e012799. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology. 1982;143(1):29–36. doi:10.1148/radiology.143.1.7063747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirguis-Blake JM, Senger CA, Webber EM, Mularski RA, Whitlock EP. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2016;315(13):1378–1393. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.2654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sichletidis L, Spyratos D, Papaioannou M, et al. A combination of the IPAG questionnaire and PiKo-6® flow meter is a valuable screening tool for COPD in the primary care setting. Prim Care Respir J. 2011;20(2):184–189. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2011.00038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson SB, LaVange LM, Nie Y, et al. Questionnaires and pocket spirometers provide an alternative approach for COPD screening in the general population. Chest. 2012;142(2):358–366. doi:10.1378/chest.11-1474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorat YT, Salvi SS, Kodgule RR. Peak flow meter with a questionnaire and mini-spirometer to help detect asthma and COPD in real-life clinical practice: a cross-sectional study. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2017;27(1):32. doi:10.1038/s41533-017-0036-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahboub B, Alzaabi A, Soriano JB, et al. Case-finding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with questionnaire, peak flow measurements and spirometry: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):241. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tian J, Zhou Y, Cui J, et al. Peak expiratory flow as a screening tool to detect airflow obstruction in a primary health care setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(5):674–680. doi:10.5588/ijtld.11.0429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Padilla R, Vollmer WM, Vázquez-García JC, et al. Can a normal peak expiratory flow exclude severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(3):387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroon S, Jordan R, Takwoingi Y, Adab P. Diagnostic accuracy of screening tests for COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008133–e. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho T, Cusack RP, Chaudhary N, Satia I, Kurmi OP. Under- and over-diagnosis of COPD: a global perspective. Breathe. 2019;15(1):24. doi:10.1183/20734735.0346-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Directorate General of Health Services MoHFW, Government of India. National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke 2016 [updated 03/ 08/2020. Available from: https://dghs.gov.in/content/1363_3_NationalProgrammePreventionControl.aspx. Accessed March 13, 2021.
   Google Scholar