References
- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. Report; 2021. Available from: https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GOLD-REPORT-2021-v1.1-25Nov20_WMV.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2021.
- Seemungal TA, Hurst JR, Wedzicha JA. Exacerbation rate, health status and mortality in COPD – a review of potential interventions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:203–223.
- Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, Salcedo E, Navarro M, Ochando R. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925–931.
- Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet. 2007;370(9589):786–796.
- Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1376–1414.
- Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: executive Summary: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):3168–3209.
- Young RP, Hopkins R, Eaton TE. Pharmacological actions of statins: potential utility in COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2009;18(114):222–232.
- Cao C, Wu Y, Xu Z, et al. The effect of statins on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16461.
- Criner GJ, Connett JE, Aaron SD, et al. COPD Clinical Research Network; Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(23):2201–2210.
- Suissa S. Simvastatin in moderate-to-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(10):969–970.
- Brassard P, Wu JW, Ernst P, Dell’Aniello S, Smiechowski B, Suissa S. The effect of statins on influenza-like illness morbidity and mortality. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(1):63–70.
- Danaei G, Tavakkoli M, Hernán MA. Bias in observational studies of prevalent users: lessons for comparative effectiveness research from a meta-analysis of statins. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(4):250–262.
- Lund JL, Richardson DB, Stürmer T. The active comparator, new user study design in pharmacoepidemiology: historical foundations and contemporary application. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2015;2(4):221–228.
- D’Arcy M, Stürmer T, Lund JL. The importance and implications of comparator selection in pharmacoepidemiologic research. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2018;5(3):272–283.
- National Health Insurance Administration. 2020-2021 National Health Insurance Annual Report. Available from: https://www.nhi.gov.tw/resource/Webdata/2020-2021%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E5%B9%B4%E5%A0%B1.pdf. Accessed August 13, 2021.
- Lin LY, Warren-Gash C, Smeeth L, Chen PC. Data resource profile: the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018062.
- Gershon AS, Wang C, Guan J, Vasilevska-Ristovska J, Cicutto L, To T. Identifying individuals with physician diagnosed COPD in health administrative databases. COPD. 2009;6(5):388–394.
- Stein BD, Bautista A, Schumock GT, et al. The validity of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes for identifying patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2012;141:87–93.
- Rubin DB. Estimating causal effects from large data sets using propensity scores. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(8 Pt 2):757–763.
- Schneeweiss S, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Mogun H, Brookhart MA. High-dimensional propensity score adjustment in studies of treatment effects using health care claims data. Epidemiology. 2009;20(4):512–522.
- Schneeweiss S. Automated data-adaptive analytics for electronic healthcare data to study causal treatment effects. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:771–788.
- Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S. Pharmacoepidemiology Toolbox. Boston, MA: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Available from: https://www.drugepi.org/dope/software#Pharmacoepidemiology. Accessed April 16, 2021.
- Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009;28(25):3083–3107.
- Mamdani M, Sykora K, Li P, et al. Reader’s guide to critical appraisal of cohort studies: 2. Assessing potential for confounding. BMJ. 2005;330(7497):960–962.
- Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Rothman KJ, Setoguchi S, Schneeweiss S. Applying propensity scores estimated in a full cohort to adjust for confounding in subgroup analyses. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21(7):697–709.
- Mancini GB, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque LE, FitzGerald JM, Brophy JM. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(12):2554–2560.
- Blamoun AI, Batty GN, DeBari VA, Rashid AO, Sheikh M, Khan MA. Statins may reduce episodes of exacerbation and the requirement for intubation in patients with COPD: evidence from a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(9):1373–1378.
- Bartziokas K, Papaioannou AI, Minas M, et al. Statins and outcome after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2011;24(5):625–631.
- Huang CC, Chan WL, Chen YC, et al. Statin use and hospitalization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Clin Ther. 2011;33(10):1365–1370.
- Ozyilmaz E, Kokturk N, Teksut G, Tatlicioglu T. Unsuspected risk factors of frequent exacerbations requiring hospital admission in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(7):691–697.
- Wang MT, Lo YW, Tsai CL, et al. Statin use and risk of COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization. Am J Med. 2013;126(7):598–606.
- Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Nordestgaard BG, Lange P, Hallas J, Vestbo J. Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2015;70(1):33–40.
- Citgez E, van der Palen J, Koehorst-Ter Huurne K, Movig K, van der Valk P, Brusse-Keizer M. Statins and morbidity and mortality in COPD in the COMIC study: a prospective COPD cohort study. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2016;3(1):e000142.
- Ajmera M, Shen C, Sambamoorthi U. Association between statin medications and COPD-specific outcomes: a real-world observational study. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2017;4(1):9–19.
- Lin CM, Yang TM, Yang YH, et al. Statin use and the risk of subsequent hospitalized exacerbations in COPD Patients with frequent exacerbations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:289–299.
- Huang YJ, Kao S, Kao LT, et al. Association between statin use and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients receiving corticosteroids. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021;16:591–602.
- Damkjær M, Håkansson K, Kallemose T, Ulrik CS, Godtfredsen N. Statins in high-risk chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outpatients: no impact on time to first exacerbation and all-cause mortality - the STATUETTE cohort study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021;16:579–589.
- Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. TORCH investigators. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–789.
- Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, et al. UPLIFT Study Investigators. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1543–1554.
- Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li CW, Jones P, Wang C, Fan Y. Effect of statins on COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2017;152(6):1159–1168.