References
- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2021. Available from: https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports/. Accessed November 8, 2021.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) update. UK national institute for health and care excellence; 2015. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs10/documents/briefing-paper. Accessed November 8, 2021.
- National COPD audit report. Available from: https://www.nacap.org.uk/nacap/welcome.nsf/vwFiles/NACAP-COPD-SC-202007/$File/NACAP_COPD_SC_Clinical_National_Report_2018_19_060720.pdf?openelement. Accessed April 1, 2022.
- National COPD audit report. Available from: https://www.nacap.org.uk/nacap/welcome.nsf/vwFiles/NACAP-COPD-SC-202007a/$File/NACAP_COPD_SC_Outcomes_2017-18_Report_290620.pdf?openelement. Accessed April 1, 2022.
- Celli BR, Fabbri LM, Aaron SD, et al. An updated definition and severity classification of COPD exacerbations: the Rome proposal. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;27. PMID: 34570991. doi:10.1164/rccm.202108-1819PP
- Bellou V, Belbasis L, Konstantinidis AK, Tzoulaki I, Evangelou E. Prognostic models for outcome prediction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ. 2019;367:l5358. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5358
- Steer J, Gibson J, Bourke SC. The DECAF score: predicting hospital mortality in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2012;67(11):970–976. PMID: 22895999. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202103
- Echevarria C, Steer J, Heslop-Marshall K, et al. Validation of the DECAF score to predict hospital mortality in acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2016;71(2):133–140. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207775
- Hurst JR. Consolidation and Exacerbation of COPD. Med Sci. 2018;6(2):44. PMID: 29865214; PMCID: PMC6024675. doi:10.3390/medsci6020044
- Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2 standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS; 2017. Available from: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2. Accessed November 8, 2021.
- NHS England, Royal College of Physicians. NHS Improvement Patient Safety Alert: Resources to Support the Safe Adoption of the Revised National Early Warning Score (NEWS2). NHS; 2018.
- Hurst JR, Quint JK, Stone RA, Silove Y, Youde J, Roberts CM. National clinical audit for hospitalised exacerbations of COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(3):00208–2020. PMID: 32984418; PMCID: PMC7502696. doi:10.1183/23120541.00208-2020
- Royal College of Physicians of London. National early warning score (NEWS): standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS—report of a working party; 2012. Available from: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/resources/national-early-warning-score-news. Accessed April 1, 2022.
- Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation. 2013;84:465–470. PMID: 23295778. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.016
- Smith GB, Redfern OC, Pimentel MA, et al. The National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). Clin Med. 2019;19(3):260. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-260
- Echevarria C, Steer J, Bourke SC. Comparison of early warning scores in patients with COPD exacerbation: DECAF and NEWS score. Thorax. 2019;74(10):941–946. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213470
- Hodgson LE, Congleton J, Venn R, Forni LG, Roderick PJ. NEWS 2 - too little evidence to implement? Clin Med. 2018;18(5):371–373. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-5-371
- Williams B. The National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure. Clin Med. 2019;19:94–95. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-1-94
- Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58(5):377–382. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.5.377
- Roberts CM, Stone RA, Lowe D, Pursey NA, Buckingham RJ. Co-morbidities and 90-day outcomes in hospitalized COPD exacerbations. COPD. 2011;8(5):354–361. PMID: 21864116. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.600362