References
- global Initiative for Chronic Lung DiseasesGlobal strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2006 Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.htmlAccessed May 17, 2013
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute2011Fact Book: Chapter 4, disease statistics Available from: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/factbook/chapter4.htmAccessed August 28, 2012
- HanMKUpdate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2010Am J Respir Crit Care Med2011183101311131521596833
- LopezADShibuyaKRaoCChronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projectionsEur Respir J200627239741216452599
- MurrayCJLopezADAlternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: global burden of disease studyLancet19973499064149815049167458
- ManninoDMBuistASGlobal burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trendsLancet2007370958976577317765526
- MaasAKManninoDMUpdate on the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseF1000 Med Rep20102pii72
- Le JemtelTHPadelettiMJelicSDiagnostic and therapeutic challenges in patients with coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failureJ Am Coll Cardiol200749217118017222727
- MenottiAMulderINissinenAGiampaoliSFeskensEJKromhoutDPrevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity in elderly male populations and their impact on 10-year all-cause mortality: the FINE study (Finland, Italy, Netherlands, Elderly)J Clin Epidemiol200154768068611438408
- RabeKFAnticholinergic drugs for the treatment of COPD are safe… are they?Chest201013711320051395
- DurhamMCTiotropium (Spiriva): a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic medication for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseProc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)200417336637316200123
- PedoneCIncalziRATiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2009360218519129533
- AnthonisenNRConnettJEEnrightPLManfredaJLung Health Study Research GroupHospitalizations and mortality in the lung health studyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002166333333912153966
- CelliBDecramerMKestenSLiuDMehraSTashkinDPMortality in the 4-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med20091801094895519729663
- SalpeterSRDo inhaled anticholinergics increase or decrease the risk of major cardiovascular events? A synthesis of the available evidenceDrugs200969152025203319791824
- SalpeterSRBuckleyNSSalpeterEEMeta-analysis: anticholinergics, but not beta-agonists, reduce severe exacerbations and respiratory mortality in COPDJ Gen Intern Med200621101011101916970553
- KestenSJaraMWentworthCLanesSPooled clinical trial analysis of tiotropium safetyChest200613061695170317166984
- SinghSLokeYKFurbergCDInhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysisJAMA2008300121439145018812535
- LeeTAPickardASAuDHBartleBWeissKRisk for death associated with medications for recently diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAnn Intern Med2008149638038918794557
- HillemanDEMaleskerMAMorrowLESchullerDA systematic review of the cardiovascular risk of inhaled anticholinergics in patients with COPDInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis2009425326319657399
- RodrigoGJCastro-RodriguezJNanniniLJMoralVPSchiaviEATiotropium and risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review with meta-analysisRespir Med2009103101421142919556116
- FranciosaJAThe potential role of community-based registries to complement the limited applicability of clinical trial results to the community setting: heart failure as an exampleAm J Manag Care2004107 Pt 248749215298235
- GooneratneNSPatelNPCorcoranAChronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis and management in older adultsJ Am Geriatr Soc20105861153116220936735
- IncalziRACorsonelloAPedoneCChronic renal failure: a neglected comorbidity of COPDChest2010137483183719903974
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesMedicare current beneficiary survey Available from: http://cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Files-for-Order/LimitedDataSets/MCBS.htmlAccessed August 28, 2012
- Food and Drug AdministrationNational drug code – proprietary name search Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/proprietaryname.cfmAccessed November 15, 2011
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesDetails for section: 2004 characteristics and perceptions of the Medicare population2004 Appendix A189196 Available from: http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Research/MCBS/Data-Tables-Items/CMS1253275.html?DLPage=2&DLSort=0&DLSortDir=descendingAccessed August 28, 2012
- BoydCLeffBWeissCWolffJClarkRRichardsTMultimorbidity pattern analyses and clinical opportunities: asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease201037 Available from: http://www.chcs.org/usr_doc/Asthma_COPD_final.pdfAccessed August 28, 2012
- MapelDWDedrickDDavisKTrends and cardiovascular comorbidities of COPD patients in the Veterans Administration medical system,1991–1999COPD200521354117136959
- PatelARHurstJRExtrapulmonary comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: state of the artExpert Rev Respir Med20115564766221955235
- Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityClinical classification software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM fact sheet Available from: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccs/ccsfactsheet.jspAccessed April 16, 2013
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBMI classification Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.htmlAccessed December 15, 2012
- OgaleSSLeeTAAuDHBoudreauDMSullivanSDCardiovascular events associated with ipratropium bromide in COPDChest20101371131919363211
- MacieCWooldrageKManfredaJAnthonisenNCardiovascular morbidity and the use of inhaled bronchodilatorsInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis20083116316918488440
- BarnesPJThe role of anticholinergics in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Med2004117Suppl 12A24S32S15693640
- CelliBDecramerMLeimerIVogelUKestenSTashkinDPCardiovascular safety of tiotropium in patients with COPDChest20101371203019592475
- SindiAMcIvorAThe use of inhaled anticholinergics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: is there cause for concern? A review of evidence from clinical trialsPol Arch Med Wewn20091191–2747819341182
- RennardSISerbyCWGhafouriMJohnsonPAFriedmanMExtended therapy with ipratropium is associated with improved lung function in patients with COPD. A retrospective analysis of data from seven clinical trialsChest1996110162708681667
- MoitaJBarbaraCCardosoJTiotropium improves FEV1 in patients with COPD irrespective of smoking statusPulm Pharmacol Ther200821114615117693107
- TashkinDPCelliBKestenSLystigTMehraSDecramerMLong-term efficacy of tiotropium in relation to smoking status in the UPLIFT trialEur Respir J201035228729419717481
- DeSalvoKBBloserNReynoldsKHeJMuntnerPMortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question. A meta-analysisJ Gen Intern Med200621326727516336622