References
- World Health OrganizationObesity and overweight2013 Available from: http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.htmlAccessed December 6, 2013
- OgdenCLCarrollMDKitBKFlegalKMPrevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010NCHS Data Brief20128218
- SinghGKSiahpushMHiattRATimsinaLRDramatic increases in obesity and overweight prevalence and body mass index among ethnic-immigrant and social class groups in the United States, 1976–2008J Community Health20113619411020549318
- ShieldsMCarrollMDOgdenCLAdult obesity prevalence in Canada and the United StatesNCHS Data Brief2011561821592419
- Pérez RodrigoCCurrent mapping of obesityNutr Hosp201328Suppl 5213124010741
- LimSSVosTFlaxmanADA comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010Lancet201238098592224226023245609
- LozanoRNaghaviMForemanKGlobal and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010Lancet201238098592095212823245604
- LandboCPrescottELangePVestboJAlmdalTPPrognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med199916061856186110588597
- ChailleuxELaabanJPVealeDPrognostic value of nutritional depletion in patients with COPD treated by long-term oxygen therapy: data from the ANTADIR observatoryChest200312351460146612740261
- FranssenFMO’DonnellDEGoossensGHBlaakEEScholsAMObesity and the lung: 5. Obesity and COPDThorax200863121110111719020276
- VozorisNTO’DonnellDEPrevalence, risk factors, activity limitation and health care utilization of an obese, population-based sample with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCan Respir J2012193e18e2422679617
- SteutenLMCreutzbergECVrijhoefHJWoutersEFCOPD as a multicomponent disease: inventory of dyspnoea, underweight, obesity and fat free mass depletion in primary carePrim Care Respir J2006152849116701766
- EisnerMDBlancPDSidneySBody composition and functional limitation in COPDRespir Res20078717261190
- Montes de OcaMTálamoCPerez-PadillaRChronic obstructive pulmonary disease and body mass index in five Latin America cities: the PLATINO studyRespir Med2008102564265018314321
- MancusoPObesity and lung inflammationJ Appl Physiol (1985)2010108372272819875709
- McCleanKMKeeFYoungISElbornJSObesity and the lung: 1. EpidemiologyThorax200863764965418587034
- CostaDBarbalhoMCMiguelGPFortiEMAzevedoJLThe impact of obesity on pulmonary function in adult womenClinics (Sao Paulo)200863671972419060990
- BiringMSLewisMILiuJTMohsenifarZPulmonary physiologic changes of morbid obesityAm J Med Sci1999318529329710555090
- UbillaCBustosPAmigoHOyarzunMRonaRJNutritional status, especially body mass index, from birth to adulthood and lung function in young adulthoodAnn Hum Biol200835332233318568595
- ThyagarajanBJacobsDRJrApostolGGLongitudinal association of body mass index with lung function: the CARDIA studyRespir Res200893118394165
- LazarusRSparrowDWeissSTEffects of obesity and fat distribution on ventilatory function: the normative aging studyChest199711148918989106566
- LeoneNCourbonDThomasFLung function impairment and metabolic syndrome: the critical role of abdominal obesityAm J Respir Crit Care Med2009179650951619136371
- ChenYRennieDCormierYFDosmanJWaist circumference is associated with pulmonary function in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjectsAm J Clin Nutr2007851353917209174
- CanoyDLubenRWelchAAbdominal obesity and respiratory function in men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk study, United KingdomAm J Epidemiol2004159121140114915191931
- WatsonRAPrideNBThomasELIndPWBellJDRelation between trunk fat volume and reduction of total lung capacity in obese menJ Appl Physiol (1985)2012112111812621940844
- BottaiMPistelliFDi PedeFLongitudinal changes of body mass index, spirometry and diffusion in a general populationEur Respir J200220366567312358345
- OraJLavenezianaPOfirDDeesomchokAWebbKAO’DonnellDECombined effects of obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on dyspnea and exercise toleranceAm J Respir Crit Care Med20091801096497119897773
- SoodAObesity, adipokines, and lung diseaseJ Appl Physiol (1985)2010108374475319926824
- GanWQManSFSenthilselvanASinDDAssociation between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysisThorax200459757458015223864
- KoehlerFDoehnerWHoernigSWittCAnkerSDJohnMAnorexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – association to cachexia and hormonal derangementInt J Cardiol20071191838917064790
- YasudaNGotohKMinatoguchiSAn increase of soluble fas, an inhibitor of apoptosis, associated with progression of COPDRespir Med19989289939999893764
- VernooyJHKucukaycanMJacobsJALocal and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in sputumAm J Respir Crit Care Med200216691218122412403691
- PetersenAMPenkowaMIversenMElevated levels of IL-18 in plasma and skeletal muscle in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseLung2007185316117117436040
- AgustiAEdwardsLDRennardSIPersistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotypePLoS One201275e3748322624038
- PoulainMDoucetMDrapeauVMetabolic and inflammatory profile in obese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseChron Respir Dis200851354118303100
- BreyerMKSpruitMACelisAPHighly elevated C-reactive protein levels in obese patients with COPD: a fat chance?Clin Nutr200928664264719540024
- RuttenEPBreyerMKSpruitMAAbdominal fat mass contributes to the systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseClin Nutr201029675676020566396
- van den BorstBGoskerHRWesselingGLow-grade adipose tissue inflammation in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Clin Nutr20119461504151222071714
- ManninoDMThornDSwensenAHolguinFPrevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPDEur Respir J200832496296918579551
- FearyJRRodriguesLCSmithCJHubbardRBGibsonJEPrevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary careThorax2010651195696220871122
- ParkSKLarsonJLMetabolic syndrome and associated factors in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseWest J Nurs Res Epub11292013
- AlbertiKGZimmetPShawJThe metabolic syndrome – a new worldwide definitionLancet200536694911059106216182882
- PaekYJJungKSHwangYILeeKSLeeDRLeeJUAssociation between low pulmonary function and metabolic risk factors in Korean adults: the Korean national health and nutrition surveyMetabolism20105991300130620045536
- MarquisKMaltaisFDuguayVThe metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Cardiopulm Rehabil2005254226232 discussion 233–23416056071
- WatzHWaschkiBKirstenAThe metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic bronchitis and COPD: frequency and associated consequences for systemic inflammation and physical inactivityChest200913641039104619542257
- SinDDJonesRLManSFObesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstructionArch Intern Med2002162131477148112090884
- WassermanKHansenJESueDYStringerWWWhippBPrinciples of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including Pathophysiology and Clinical ApplicationsPhiladelphiaLippincott Williams & Wilkins2005
- SalomeCMKingGGBerendNPhysiology of obesity and effects on lung functionJ Appl Physiol (1985)2010108120621119875713
- FerrettiAGiampiccoloPCavalliAMilic-EmiliJTantucciCExpiratory flow limitation and orthopnea in massively obese subjectsChest200111951401140811348945
- KoutsoukouAKoulourisNBekosBExpiratory flow limitation in morbidly obese postoperative mechanically ventilated patientsActa Anaesthesiol Scand20044891080108815352952
- SutherlandTJCowanJOTaylorDRDynamic hyperinflation with bronchoconstriction: differences between obese and nonobese women with asthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2008177997097518263799
- OraJLavenezianaPWadellKPrestonMWebbKAO’DonnellDEEffect of obesity on respiratory mechanics during rest and exercise in COPDJ Appl Physiol (1985)20111111101921350021
- RuttenEPCalverleyPMCasaburiRChanges in body composition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: do they influence patient-related outcomes?Ann Nutr Metab201363323924724216978
- ZapateroABarbaRRuizJMalnutrition and obesity: influence in mortality and readmissions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patientsJ Hum Nutr Diet201326Suppl 1162223656492
- CaoCWangRWangJBunjhooHXuYXiongWBody mass index and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysisPLoS One201278e4389222937118
- LainscakMvon HaehlingSDoehnerWBody mass index and prognosis in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle201122818621766053
- McGhanRRadcliffTFishRSutherlandERWelshCMakeBPredictors of rehospitalization and death after a severe exacerbation of COPDChest200713261748175517890477
- HallinRGudmundssonGSuppli UlrikCNutritional status and long-term mortality in hospitalised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Respir Med200710191954196017532198
- JeeSHSullJWParkJBody-mass index and mortality in Korean men and womenN Engl J Med2006355877978716926276
- ScholsAMSlangenJVolovicsLWoutersEFWeight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med19981576 Pt 1179117979620907
- PeetersABarendregtJJWillekensFObesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysisAnn Intern Med20031381243212513041
- LavieCJVenturaHOMilaniRVThe “obesity paradox”: is smoking/lung disease the explanation?Chest2008134589689818988772
- GuenetteJAJensenDO’DonnellDERespiratory function and the obesity paradoxCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care201013661862420975350
- HurstJRVestboJAnzuetoASusceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2010363121128113820843247
- WatsonLVonkJMLofdahlCGPredictors of lung function and its decline in mild to moderate COPD in association with gender: results from the Euroscop studyRespir Med2006100474675316199147
- HuGCassanoPAAntioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)Am J Epidemiol20001511097598110853636
- GrievinkLSmitHAOckéMCvan’t VeerPKromhoutDDietary intake of antioxidant (pro)-vitamins, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function: the MORGEN studyThorax19985331661719659349
- BrittonJRPavordIDRichardsKADietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general populationAm J Respir Crit Care Med19951515138313877735589
- HuGZhangXChenJPetoRCampbellTCCassanoPADietary vitamin C intake and lung function in rural ChinaAm J Epidemiol199814865945999753014
- TabakCSmitHARasanenLDietary factors and pulmonary function: a cross sectional study in middle aged men from three European countriesThorax199954111021102610525562
- ChenRTunstall-PedoeHBolton-SmithCHannahMKMorrisonCAssociation of dietary antioxidants and waist circumference with pulmonary function and airway obstructionAm J Epidemiol2001153215716311159161
- de BatlleJBarreiroERomieuIDietary modulation of oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patientsFree Radic Res201044111296130320815775
- MiedemaIFeskensEJHeederikDKromhoutDDietary determinants of long-term incidence of chronic nonspecific lung diseases. The Zutphen studyAm J Epidemiol1993138137458333425
- BlackPNScraggRRelationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination surveyChest200512863792379816354847
- BergIHansonCSaylesHVitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, lung function and structure in COPDRespir Med2013107101578158823809536
- JanssensWBouillonRClaesBVitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in COPD and correlates with variants in the vitamin D-binding geneThorax201065321522019996341
- ShaheenSOJamesonKARobinsonSMRelationship of vitamin D status to adult lung function and COPDThorax201166869269821653927
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National AcademiesDietary Reference Intakes: Calcium and Vitamin DWashingtonNational Academies2011
- JiangRJacobsDRHeKAssociations of dairy intake with CT lung density and lung functionJ Am Coll Nutr201029549450221504976
- McKeeverTMScrivenerSBroadfieldEJonesZBrittonJLewisSAProspective study of diet and decline in lung function in a general populationAm J Respir Crit Care Med200216591299130311991883
- BentleyARKritchevskySBHarrisTBDietary antioxidants and forced expiratory volume in 1 s decline: the health, aging and body composition studyEur Respir J201239497998422005919
- ShaheenSOJamesonKASyddallHEThe relationship of dietary patterns with adult lung function and COPDEur Respir J201036227728420075056
- TabakCSmitHAHeederikDOckeMCKromhoutDDiet and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: independent beneficial effects of fruits, whole grains, and alcohol (the MORGEN study)Clin Exp Allergy200131574775511422134
- VarrasoRFungTTBarrRGHuFBWillettWCamargoCAJrProspective study of dietary patterns and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US womenAm J Clin Nutr200786248849517684223
- VarrasoRFungTTHuFBWillettWCamargoCAProspective study of dietary patterns and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US menThorax200762978679117504819
- McKeeverTMLewisSACassanoPAPatterns of dietary intake and relation to respiratory disease, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and decline in 5-y forced expiratory volumeAm J Clin Nutr201092240841520554789
- WatsonLMargettsBHowarthPDorwardMThompsonRLittlePThe association between diet and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in subjects selected from general practiceEur Respir J200220231331812212961
- HirayamaFLeeAHBinnsCWDo vegetables and fruits reduce the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A case-control study in JapanPrev Med2009492–318418919555711
- LinYCWuTCChenPYHsiehLYYehSLComparison of plasma and intake levels of antioxidant nutrients in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy people in Taiwan: a case-control studyAsia Pac J Clin Nutr201019339340120805084
- CelikFTopcuFNutritional risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in male smokersClin Nutr200625695596116782241
- VarrasoRJiangRBarrRGWillettWCCamargoCAJrProspective study of cured meats consumption and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in menAm J Epidemiol2007166121438144517785711
- JiangRPaikDCHankinsonJLBarrRGCured meat consumption, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among United States adultsAm J Respir Crit Care Med2007175879880417255565
- WaldaICTabakCSmitHADiet and 20-year chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in middle-aged men from three European countriesEur J Clin Nutr200256763864312080403
- TabakCFeskensEJHeederikDKromhoutDMenottiABlackburnHWFruit and fish consumption: a possible explanation for population differences in COPD mortality (the Seven Countries Study)Eur J Clin Nutr199852118198259846595
- KeranisEMakrisDRodopoulouPImpact of dietary shift to higher-antioxidant foods in COPD: a randomised trialEur Respir J201036477478020150206
- BaldrickFRElbornJSWoodsideJVEffect of fruit and vegetable intake on oxidative stress and inflammation in COPD: a randomised controlled trialEur Respir J20123961377138422088966
- LehouckAMathieuCCarremansCHigh doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trialAnn Intern Med2012156210511422250141
- SabinoPGSilvaBMBrunettoAFNutritional status is related to fat-free mass, exercise capacity and inspiratory strength in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patientsClinics (Sao Paulo)201065659960520613936
- RamachandranKMcCuskerCConnorsMZuwallackRLahiriBThe influence of obesity on pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes in patients with COPDChron Respir Dis20085420520919029231
- SavaFLavioletteLBernardSBretonMJBourbeauJMaltaisFThe impact of obesity on walking and cycling performance and response to pulmonary rehabilitation in COPDBMC Pulm Med2010105521054892
- GreeningNJEvansRAWilliamsJEGreenRHSinghSJSteinerMCDoes body mass index influence the outcomes of a waking-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COPD?Chron Respir Dis2012929910622414784
- van de BoolCMattijssen-VerdonschotCvan MelickPPQuality of dietary intake in relation to body composition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease eligible for pulmonary rehabilitationEur J Clin Nutr201468215916524327123
- Heart Protection Study Collaborative GroupMRC/BHF heart protection study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet20023609326233312114037
- PaivaSAGodoyIVannucchiHFavaroRMGeraldoRRCampanaAOAssessment of vitamin A status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy smokersAm J Clin Nutr19966469289348942419
- [No authors listed]The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study GroupN Engl J Med199433015102910358127329
- RautalahtiMVirtamoJHaukkaJThe effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on COPD symptomsAm J Respir Crit Care Med19971565144714529372659
- PuhanMASiebelingLFreiAZollerMBischoff-FerrariHTer RietGNo association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with exacerbations in primary care patients with COPDChest20141451374324008868
- RomieuIMenesesFRamirezMAntioxidant supplementation and respiratory functions among workers exposed to high levels of ozoneAm J Respir Crit Care Med199815812262329655734
- LangeNESparrowDVokonasPLitonjuaAAVitamin D deficiency, smoking, and lung function in the Normative Aging StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2012186761662122822023
- GrievinkLZijlstraAGKeXBrunekreefBDouble-blind intervention trial on modulation of ozone effects on pulmonary function by antioxidant supplementsAm J Epidemiol1999149430631410025472
- McEvoyCHollister-SmithJSchillingDVitamin C improves pulmonary function in newborns of pregnant smoking women: a randomized trial and interaction with maternal nicotinic receptor polymorphismsPediatric Academic Society2012 abstract
- HoleDJWattGCDavey-SmithGHartCLGillisCRHawthorneVMImpaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population studyBMJ19963137059711715 discussion 715–7168819439
- ThomasonMJStrachanDPWhich spirometric indices best predict subsequent death from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?Thorax200055978578810950899