31
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

, &
Pages 19-34 | Published online: 25 May 2012

References

  • Borbely AA, Achermann P. Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview. J Sleep Res. 1992;1(2):63–79.
  • Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Effects of total sleep loss on sleep tendency. Percept Mot Skills. 1979;48(2):495–506.
  • Moore RY, Eichler VB. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res. 1972;42(1):201–206.
  • Welsh DK, Logothetis DE, Meister M, Reppert SM. Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron. 1995;14(4):697–706.
  • Ralph MR, Foster RG, Davis FC, Menaker M. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science. 1990;247(4945):975–978.
  • Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 1999;284(5423):2177–2181.
  • Waterhouse J, DeCoursey PJ. Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc Publishers; 2004.
  • Czeisler CA, Allan JS, Strogatz SH, et al. Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Science. 1986;233(4764):667–671.
  • Mrosovsky N. Phase response curves for social entrainment. J Comp Physiol A. 1988;162(1):35–46.
  • Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW. Melanopsin- containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002;295(5557):1065–1070.
  • Altimus CM, Guler AD, Alam NM, et al. Rod photoreceptors drive circadian photoentrainment across a wide range of light intensities. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13(9):1107–1112.
  • Waterhouse J, Drust B, Weinert D, et al. The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance. Chronobiol Int. 2005;22(2):207–225.
  • Lewy AJ, Cutler NL, Sack RL. The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position. J Biol Rhythms. 1999;14(3):227–236.
  • Borbely AA. A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiol. 1982;1(3):195–204.
  • American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Diagnostic and Coding Manual. 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
  • Czeisler C, Duffy J, Shanahan T, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 1999;284(5423):2177–2181.
  • Eastman CI, Gazda CJ, Burgess HJ, Crowley SJ, Fogg LF. Advancing circadian rhythms before eastward flight: a strategy to prevent or reduce jet lag. Sleep. 2005;28(1):33–44.
  • Dawson D, Campbell SS. Timed exposure to bright light improves sleep and alertness during simulated night shifts. Sleep. 1991;14(6):511–516.
  • Moline ML, Pollak CP, Monk TH, et al. Age-related differences in recovery from simulated jet lag. Sleep. 1992;15(1):28–40.
  • Burgess HJ, Crowley SJ, Gazda CJ, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Preflight adjustment to eastward travel: 3 days of advancing sleep with and without morning bright light. J Biol Rhythms. 2003;18(4):318–328.
  • Muhm JM, Rock PB, McMullin DL, et al. Effect of aircraft-cabin altitude on passenger discomfort. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(1):18–27.
  • Lowden A, Akerstedt T. Retaining home-base sleep hours to prevent jet lag in connection with a westward flight across nine time zones. Chronobiol Int. 1998;15(4):365–376.
  • Eastman CI, Burgess HJ. How to travel the world without jet lag. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4(2):241–255.
  • Edwards BJ, Atkinson G, Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Godfrey R, Budgett R. Use of melatonin in recovery from jet-lag following an eastward flight across 10 time-zones. Ergonomics. 2000;43(10):1501–1513.
  • Petrie K, Dawson A, Thompson L, Brook R. A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crews. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33(7):526–530.
  • Suhner A, Schlagenhauf P, Johnson R, Tschopp A, Steffen R. Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag. Chronobiol Int. 1998;15(6):655–666.
  • Paul MA, Gray G, Sardana TM, Pigeau RA. Melatonin and zopiclone as facilitators of early circadian sleep in operational air transport crews. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004;75(5):439–443.
  • Arendt J, Aldhous M, Marks V Alleviation of jet lag by melatonin: preliminary results of controlled double blind trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292(6529):1170.
  • Claustrat B, Brun J, David M, Sassolas G, Chazot G. Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;32(8):705–711.
  • Petrie K, Conaglan J, Thompson L, Chamberlain K. Effect of melatonin on jet lag after long-haul flights. Br Med J. 1989;298(6675):705–707.
  • Jamieson AO, Zammit GK, Rosenberg RS, Davis JR, Walsh JK. Zolpidem reduces the sleep disturbance of jet lag. Sleep Med. 2001;2(5):423–430.
  • Hirschfeld U, Moreno-Reyes R, Akseki E, et al. Progressive elevation of plasma thyrotropin during adaptation to simulated jet lag: effects of treatment with bright light or zolpidem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(9):3270–3277.
  • Daurat A, Benoit O, Buguet A. Effects of zopiclone on the rest/ activity rhythm after a westward flight across five time zones. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;149(3):241–245.
  • Rosenberg RP, Bogan RK, Tiller JM, et al. A phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of armodafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with jet lag disorder. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2010;85(7):630–638.
  • Pierard C, Beaumont M, Enslen M, et al. Resynchronization of hormonal rhythms after an eastbound flight in humans: effects of slow-release caffeine and melatonin. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(1–2):144–150.
  • Beaumont M, Batejat D, Pierard C, et al. Caffeine or melatonin effects on sleep and sleepiness after rapid eastward transmeridian travel. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(1):50–58.
  • Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T. Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep. 2004;27(8):1453–1462.
  • Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl AcadSci USA. 2009;106(11):4453–4458.
  • Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, et al. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the Nurses’ Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(20):1563–1568.
  • Pietroiusti A, Neri A, Somma G, et al. Incidence of metabolic syndrome among night-shift healthcare workers. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67(1):54–57.
  • Harma MI, Hakola T, Akerstedt T, Laitinen JT. Age and adjustment to night work. Occup Environ Med. 1994;51(8):568–573.
  • Smith L, Mason C. Reducing night shift exposure: a pilot study of rota, night shift and age effects on sleepiness and fatigue. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2001;30(1–2):83–87.
  • Bradshaw DA, Yanagi MA, Pak ES, Peery TS, Ruff GA. Nightly sleep duration in the 2-week period preceding multiple sleep latency testing. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(6):613–619.
  • Varghese R, Slocumb NL, Silber MH, Auger RR. Comparative value of actigraphy versus sleep logs [Abstract]. Sleep. 2008; Suppl 31:A334–A335.
  • Morgenthaler TI, Alessi C, Friedman L, et al. Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an update for 2007. Sleep. 2007;30(4):519–529.
  • Boivin DB, James FO. Circadian adaptation to night-shift work by judicious light and darkness exposure. J Biol Rhythms. 2002;17(6):556–567.
  • Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1460–1483.
  • Folkard S, Arendt J, Clark M. Can melatonin improve shift workers’ tolerance of the night shift? Some preliminary findings. Chronobiol Int. 1993;10(5):315–320.
  • Yoon IY, Song BG. Role of morning melatonin administration and attenuation of sunlight exposure in improving adaptation of night-shift workers. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19(5):903–913.
  • James M, Tremea MO, Jones JS, Krohmer JR. Can melatonin improve adaptation to night shift? Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16(4):367–370.
  • Jorgensen KM, Witting MD. Does exogenous melatonin improve day sleep or night alertness in emergency physicians working night shifts? Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(6):699–704.
  • Crowley SJ, Lee C, Tseng CY, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Combinations of bright light, scheduled dark, sunglasses, and melatonin to facilitate circadian entrainment to night shift work. J Biol Rhythms. 2003;18(6):513–523.
  • Walsh JK, Sugerman JL, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK. Physiological sleep tendency on a simulated night shift: adaptation and effects of triazolam. Sleep. 1988;11(3):251–264.
  • Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK, Anch AM, Muehlbach MJ, Jenkins NA, Dickins QS. Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift following sleep at home with triazolam. Sleep. 1991;14(2):140–146.
  • Porcu S, Bellatreccia A, Ferrara M, Casagrande M. Performance, ability to stay awake, and tendency to fall asleep during the night after a diurnal sleep with temazepam or placebo. Sleep. 1997;20(7):535–541.
  • Puca FM, Perrucci S, Prudenzano MP, et al. Quality of life in shift work syndrome. Funct Neurol. 1996;11(5):261–268.
  • Monchesky TC, Billings BJ, Phillips R, Bourgouin J. Zopiclone in insomniac shiftworkers. Evaluation of its hypnotic properties and its effects on mood and work performance. IntArch Occup Environ Health. 1989;61(4):255–259.
  • Moon CA, Hindmarch I, Holland RL. The effect of zopiclone 7.5 mg on the sleep, mood and performance of shift workers. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;5 Suppl 2:79–83.
  • Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Wesnes KA, Arora S, Roth T. Armodafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness associated with shift work disorder: a randomized controlled study. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2009;84(11):958–972.
  • Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, et al. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):476–486.
  • Tembe DV Dhavale A, Desai H, et al. Armodafinil versus modafinil in patients of excessive sleepiness associated with shift work sleep disorder: a randomized double blind multicentric clinical trial. Neurol Res Int. 2011;2011:514351.
  • Schweitzer PK, Randazzo AC, Stone K, Erman M, Walsh JK. Laboratory and field studies of naps and caffeine as practical countermeasures for sleep-wake problems associated with night work. Sleep. 2006;29(1):39–50.
  • Sallinen M, Harma M, Akerstedt T, Rosa R, Lillqvist O. Promoting alertness with a short nap during a night shift. J Sleep Res. 1998;7(4):240–247.
  • Purnell MT, Feyer AM, Herbison GP The impact of a nap opportunity during the night shift on the performance and alertness of 12-h shift workers. J Sleep Res. 2002;11(3):219–227.
  • Smith MR, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. A compromise circadian phase position for permanent night work improves mood, fatigue, and performance. Sleep. 2009;32(11):1481–1489.
  • Weitzman ED, Czeisler CA, Coleman RM, et al. Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep-onset insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38(7):737–746.
  • Abe T, Inoue Y, Komada Y, et al. Relation between morningness- eveningness score and depressive symptoms among patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):680–684.
  • Regestein Q, Monk TH. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: a review of its clinical aspects. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(4):602–608.
  • Ando K, Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S. Delayed and advanced sleep phase symptoms. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2002;39(1):11–18.
  • Schrader H, Bovim G, Sand T. The prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes. J Sleep Res. 1993;2(1):51–55.
  • Yazaki M, Shirakawa S, Okawa M, Takahashi K. Demography of sleep disturbances associated with circadian rhythm disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;53(2):267–268.
  • Ando K, Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S. Estimated prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes [Abstract]. Sleep Res. 1995;24:509.
  • Pelayo R, Thorpy M, Glvinsky P. Prevalence of delayed sleep phase disorder among adolescents. Sleep. 1988;17:392.
  • Wolfson A, Carskadon M. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Dev. 1998;69(4):875–887.
  • Andrade MM, Benedito-Silva AA, Domenice S, Arnhold IJ, Menna-Barreto L. Sleep characteristics of adolescents: a longitudinal study. J Adolesc Health. 1993;14(5):401–406.
  • Laberge L, Petit D, Simard C, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Montplaisir J. Development of sleep patterns in early adolescence. J Sleep Res. 2001;10(1):59–67.
  • Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Sebastiani T, Ottaviano S. Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. J Sleep Res. 2002;11(3):191–199.
  • Gau SF, Soong WT. The transition of sleep-wake patterns in early adolescence. Sleep. 2003;26(4):449–454.
  • Carskadon MA, Vieira C, Acebo C. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep. 1993;16(3):258–262.
  • Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Richardson GS, Tate BA, Seifer R. An approach to studying circadian rhythms of adolescent humans. J Biol Rhythms. 1997;12(3):278–289.
  • Jenni OG, Achermann P, Carskadon MA. Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents. Sleep. 2005;28(11):1446–1454.
  • Ancoli-Israel S, Schnierow B, Kelsoe J, Fink R. A pedigree of one family with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Chronobiol Int. 2001;18(5):831–840.
  • Campbell SS, Murphy PJ. Delayed sleep phase disorder in temporal isolation. Sleep. 2007;30(9):1225–1228.
  • Aoki H, Ozeki Y, Yamada N. Hypersensitivity of melatonin suppression in response to light in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Chronobiol Int. 2001;18(2):263–271.
  • Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Shibui K, et al. Poor compensatory function for sleep loss as a pathogenic factor in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep. 2000;23(4):553–558.
  • Nagtegaal JE, Kerkhof GA, Smits MG, Swart AC, van der Meer YG. Traumatic brain injury-associated delayed sleep phase syndrome. Funct Neurol. 1997;12(6):345–348.
  • Patten SB, Lauderdale WM. Delayed sleep phase disorder after traumatic brain injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31(1):100–102.
  • Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97–110.
  • Rosenthal NE, Joseph-Vanderpool JR, Levendosky AA, et al. Phase-shifting effects of bright morning light as treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep. 1990;13(4):354–361.
  • Wirz-Justice A, Benedetti F, Terman M. Chronotherapeutics for Affective Disorders: A Clinician’s Manual for Light and Wake Therapy. Basel, Switzerland: S Karger AG; 2009.
  • Krahn LE, Kubas SM, Pankratz VS, Harris AM, Kotagal S. Long-term outcome of adolescents with delayed sleep phase disorder [Abstract]. Sleep. 2003;26:A115.
  • Mundey K, Benloucif S, Harsanyi K, Dubocovich ML, Zee PC. Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin. Sleep. 2005;28(10):1271–1278.
  • Chang AM, Reid KJ, Gourineni R, Zee PC. Sleep timing and circadian phase in delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Biol Rhythms. 2009;24(4):313–321.
  • Cagnacci A, Elliott JA, Yen SS. Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75(2):447–452.
  • Rahman SA, Kayumov L, Shapiro CM. Antidepressant action of melatonin in the treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep Med. 2010;11(2):131–136.
  • Dahlitz M, Alvarez B, Vignau J, English J, Arendt J, Parkes JD. Delayed sleep phase syndrome response to melatonin. Lancet. 1991;337(8750):1121–1124.
  • Dagan Y, Yovel I, Hallis D, Eisenstein M, Raichik I. Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). Chronobiol Int. 1998;15(2):181–190.
  • Kayumov L, Brown G, Jindal R, Buttoo K, Shapiro CM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effect of exogenous melatonin on delayed sleep phase syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2001;63(1):40–48.
  • Lewy AJ, Emens JS, Lefler BJ, Yuhas K, Jackman AR. Melatonin entrains free-running blind people according to a physiological dose-response curve. Chronobiol Int. 2005;22(6):1093–1106.
  • Luboshitzky R, Shen-Orr Z, Nave R, Lavi S, Lavie P. Melatonin administration alters semen quality in healthy men. J Androl. 2002;23(4):572–578.
  • Szeinberg A, Borodkin K, Dagan Y. Melatonin treatment in adolescents with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45(9):809–818.
  • Valcavi R, Zini M, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Portioli I. Melatonin stimulates growth hormone secretion through pathways other than the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;39(2):193–199.
  • Czeisler CA, Richardson GS, Coleman RM, et al. Chronotherapy: resetting the circadian clocks of patients with delayed sleep phase insomnia. Sleep. 1981;4(1):1–21.
  • Ito A, Ando K, Hayakawa T, et al. Long-term course of adult patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;47(3):563–567.
  • Oren DA, Wehr TA. Hypernyctohemeral syndrome after chro- notherapy for delayed sleep phase syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(24):1762.
  • Auger RR. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Type (Pediatric Case). Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2008.
  • National Sleep Foundation. Adolescent Sleep Needs and Patterns: Research Report and Resource Guide. Washington, DC: National Sleep Foundation; 2000.
  • Wahlstrom K. Changing times: findings from the first longitudinal study of later high school start times. NASSP Bulletin. 2002;86(633):3–21.
  • Burgess HJ, Eastman CI. A late wake time phase delays the human dim light melatonin rhythm. Neurosci Lett. 2006;395(3):191–195.
  • Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep. 2006;29(11):1415–1419.
  • Ohayon M. Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 1997;31(3):333–346.
  • Carrier J, Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Kupfer DJ. Sleep and morningness- eveningness in the ‘middle’ years of life (20–59 y). J Sleep Res. 1997;6(4):230–237.
  • Jones C, Campbell S, Zone S, et al. Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome: A short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans. Nat Med. 1999;5(9):1062–1065.
  • Toh K, Jones C, He Y, et al. An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science. 2001;291(5506):1040–1043.
  • Satoh K, Mishima K, Inoue Y, Ebisawa T, Shimizu T. Two pedigrees of familial advanced sleep phase syndrome in Japan. Sleep. 2003;26(4):416–417.
  • Xu Y, Padiath QS, Shapiro RE, et al. Functional consequences of a CKIdelta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Nature. 2005;434(7033):640–644.
  • Palmer CR, Kripke DF, Savage HC Jr, Cindrich LA, Loving RT, Elliott JA. Efficacy of enhanced evening light for advanced sleep phase syndrome. Behav Sleep Med. 2003;1(4):213–226.
  • Campbell SS, Dawson D, Anderson MW. Alleviation of sleep maintenance insomnia with timed exposure to bright light. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(8):829–836.
  • Lack L, Wright H, Kemp K, Gibbon S. The treatment of early- morning awakening insomnia with 2 evenings of bright light. Sleep. 2005;28(5):616–623.
  • Suhner AG, Murphy PJ, Campbell SS. Failure of timed bright light exposure to alleviate age-related sleep maintenance insomnia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(4):617–623.
  • Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Skelton SH, Bjorvatn B, Skjerve A. Bright light treatment has limited effect in subjects over 55 years with mild early morning awakening. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;101(3):759–770.
  • Buxton O, LHermite-Baleriaux M, Turek F, van Cauter E. Daytime naps in darkness phase shift the human circadian rhythms of melatonin and thyrotropin secretion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;278(2):R373–R382.
  • Yoon I, Kripke D, Elliott J, Youngstedt S, Rex K, Hauger R. Age-related changes of circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(8):1085–1091.
  • Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1484–1501.
  • Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, et al. Melatonin for the treatment of advanced sleep phase disorder. Sleep. 2008;31(7):925.
  • Lewy AJ. Clinical applications of melatonin in circadian disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2003;5(4):399–413.
  • Zee PC. Melatonin for the treatment of advanced sleep phase disorder [Letter to the Editor]. Sleep. 2008;31(7):923.
  • Moldofsky H, Musisi S, Phillipson EA. Treatment of a case of advanced sleep phase syndrome by phase advance chronotherapy. Sleep. 1986;9(1):61–65.
  • Scharf M, Erman M, Rosenberg R, et al. A 2-week efficacy and safety study of eszopiclone in elderly patients with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2005;28(6):720–727.
  • Ancoli-Israel S, Richardson G, Mangano R, Jenkins L, Hall P, Jones W. Long-term use of sedative hypnotics in older patients with insomnia. Sleep Med. 2005;6(2):107–113.
  • Buxton OM, LHermite-Baleriaux M, Turek FW, van Cauter E. Daytime naps in darkness phase shift the human circadian rhythms of melatonin and thyrotropin secretion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;278(2):R373–R382.
  • Vitiello M, Prinz P, Williams D, Frommlet M, Ries R. Sleep disturbances in patients with mild-stage Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol. 1990;45(4):M131–M138.
  • Wu YH, Swaab DF. The human pineal gland and melatonin in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. J Pineal Res. 2005;38(3):145–152.
  • Blanks J, Schmidt S, Torigoe Y, Porrello K, Hinton D, Blanks R. Retinal pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. II. Regional neuron loss and glial changes in GCL. Neurobiol Aging. 1996;17(3):385–395.
  • Hofman MA, Swaab DF. Living by the clock: the circadian pacemaker in older people. Ageing Res Rev. 2006;5(1):33–51.
  • Shochat T, Martin J, Marler M, Ancoli-Israel S. Illumination levels in nursing home patients: effects on sleep and activity rhythms. J Sleep Res. 2000;9(4):373–379.
  • Campbell S, Kripke D, Gillin J, Hrubovcak J. Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer’s patients. Physiol Behav. 1988;42(2):141–144.
  • Schnelle J, Cruise P, Alessi C, Ludlow K, Al-Samarrai N, Ouslander J. Sleep hygiene in physically dependent nursing home residents: behavioral and environmental intervention implications. Sleep. 1998;21(5):515–523.
  • Ancoli-Israel S, Gehrman P, Martin J, et al. Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe Alzheimer’s disease patients. Behav Sleep Med. 2003;1(1):22–36.
  • Dowling G, Hubbard E, Mastick J, Luxenberg J, Burr R, Van Someren E. Effect of morning bright light treatment for rest- activity disruption in institutionalized patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease. IntPsychogeriatr. 2005;17(2):221–236.
  • Singer C, Tractenberg R, Kaye J, et al. A multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep. 2003;26(7):893–901.
  • Bliwise DL. Sleep disorders in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;6 Suppl 1A:S16-S28.
  • McCarten J, Kovera C, Maddox M, Cleary J. Triazolam in Alzheimer’s disease: pilot study on sleep and memory effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1995;52(2):447–452.
  • Shaw S, Ourson H, Coquelin J. A double-blind, comparative study of zolpidem and placebo in the treatment of insomnia in elderly psychiatric in-patients. J Int Med Res. 1992;20(2):150–161.
  • Alessi C, Yoon E, Schnelle J, Al-Samarrai N, Cruise P. A randomized trial of a combined physical activity and environmental intervention in nursing home residents: do sleep and agitation improve? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(7):784–791.
  • McCurry S, Gibbons L, Logsdon R, Vitiello M, Teri L. Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(5):793–802.
  • McArthur AJ, Lewy AJ, Sack RL. Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome in a sighted man: circadian rhythm studies and efficacy of melatonin treatment. Sleep. 1996;19(7):544–553.
  • Boivin DB, Caliyurt O, James FO, Chalk C. Association between delayed sleep phase and hypernyctohemeral syndromes: a case study. Sleep. 2004;27(3):417–421.
  • Hayakawa T, Kamei Y, Urata J, et al. Trials of bright light exposure and melatonin administration in a patient with non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;52(2):261–262.
  • Hoban TM, Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Miller LS, Singer CM. Entrainment of a free-running human with bright light? Chronobiol Int. 1989;6(4):347–353.
  • Watanabe T, Kajimura N, Kato M, Sekimoto M, Hori T, Takahashi K. Case of a non-24 h sleep-wake syndrome patient improved by phototherapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;54(3):369–370.
  • Oren DA, Giesen HA, Wehr TA. Restoration of detectable melatonin after entrainment to a 24-hour schedule in a ‘free-running’ man. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22(1):39–52.
  • Siebler M, Steinmetz H, Freund HJ. Therapeutic entrainment of circadian rhythm disorder by melatonin in a non-blind patient. J Neurol. 1998;245(6–7):327–328.
  • Kamei Y, Hayakawa T, Urata J, et al. Melatonin treatment for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;54(3):381–382.
  • Okawa M, Uchiyama M, Ozaki S, et al. Melatonin treatment for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;52(2):259–260.
  • Sack RL, Brandes RW, Kendall AR, Lewy AJ. Entrainment of free- running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(15):1070–1077.
  • Lockley SW, Skene DJ, James K, Thapan K, Wright J, Arendt J. Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects. J Endocrinol. 2000;164(1):R1–R6.
  • Lewy AJ, Emens JS, Sack RL, Hasler BP, Bernert RA. Low, but not high, doses of melatonin entrained a free-running blind person with a long circadian period. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19(3):649–658.
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, Keith LD, Nakagawa H. Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75(1):127–134.
  • Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements FaNB, Board on Life Sciences, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2005.
  • Beersma DG, Gordijn MC. Circadian control of the sleep-wake cycle. PhysiolBehav. 2007;90(2–3):190–195.
  • Burgess HJ, Eastman CT. Prevention of Jet Lag. 2010. Available from http://pier.acponline.org/physicians/screening/prev1015/prev1015. html. Accessed January 12, 2012.