Development of hypertension – clinical impact of dysregulation of circadian rhythms and implications for treatment

References

• Richards J, Gumz ML. Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks. FASEB J. 2012;26(9):3602–3613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards J, Gumz ML. Invited Review EB 2012: Mechanism of the Circadian Clock in Physiology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013;304(12):R1053–R1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Lahens NF, Ballance HI, Hughes ME, Hogenesch JB. A circadian gene expression atlas in mammals: implications for biology and medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(45):16219–16224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:445–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweiker R, Eber B, Schumacher M, Toplak H, Klein W. “Non-dipping” related to cardiovascular events in essential hypertensive patients. Acta Med Austriaca. 1994;21(3):86–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Smolensky MH, et al. Chronotherapy improves blood pressure control and reduces vascular risk in CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9(6):358–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Shimada K. Risers and extreme-dippers of nocturnal blood pressure in hypertension: antihypertensive strategy for nocturnal blood pressure. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2004;26(2):177–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogari R, Zoppi A, Malamani GD, Lazzari P, Destro M, Corradi L. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes. Prevalence of impaired diurnal blood pressure patterns. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernandez JR, Calvo C. Chronotherapy improves blood pressure control and reverts the nondipper pattern in patients with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51(1):69–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman DJ, Ogbonnaya K, Taylor AA, Ho K, Pavlik VN. Ethnic differences in nocturnal blood pressure decline in treated hypertensives. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(8):884–891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez CJ, Jin Z, Schwartz JE, et al. Socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors, race and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in a Hispanic cohort. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(5):673–682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobori H, Nangaku M, Navar LG, Nishiyama A. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: from physiology to the pathobiology of hypertension and kidney disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2007;59(3):251–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129(3):399–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Darbinian J, Go AS, Iribarren C. Elevated blood pressure and risk of end-stage renal disease in subjects without baseline kidney disease. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(8):923–928.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, Fang H, Zhang J, Satlin A. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):221–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles TD, Alessi T, Purkayastha D, Zappe D. Comparative efficacy of aliskiren/valsartan vs valsartan in nocturnal dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients: a pooled analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14(5):299–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltatu OC, Campos LA, Bader M. Local renin-angiotensin system and the brain – a continuous quest for knowledge. Peptides. 2011;32(5):1083–1086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diz DI, Arnold AC, Nautiyal M, Isa K, Shaltout HA, Tallant EA. Angiotensin peptides and central autonomic regulation. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2011;11(2):131–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos LA, Bader M, Baltatu OC. Brain Renin-Angiotensin system in hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Front Physiol. 2011;2:115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltatu O, Silva JA Jr, Ganten D, Bader M. The brain renin-angiotensin system modulates angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2000;35(1 Pt 2):409–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltatu O, Janssen BJ, Bricca G, et al. Alterations in blood pressure and heart rate variability in transgenic rats with low brain angiotensinogen. Hypertension. 2001;37(2 Pt 2):408–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltatu O, Campos LA, Bader M. Genetic targeting of the brain renin-angiotensin system in transgenic rats: impact on stress-induced renin release. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;181(4):579–584.
   Google Scholar
• White WB. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: dippers compared with non-dippers. Blood Press Monit. 2000;5 Suppl 1:S17–S23.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen LW, Pedersen EB. Nocturnal blood pressure and relation to vasoactive hormones and renal function in hypertension and chronic renal failure. Blood Press. 1997;6(6):332–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards J, Diaz AN, Gumz ML. Clock genes in hypertension: novel insights from rodent models. Blood Press Monit. 2014;19(5):249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doi M, Takahashi Y, Komatsu R, et al. Salt-sensitive hypertension in circadian clock-deficient Cry-null mice involves dysregulated adrenal Hsd3b6. Nat Med. 2010;16(1):67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sueta D, Koibuchi N, Hasegawa Y, et al. Blood pressure variability, impaired autonomic function and vascular senescence in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats are ameliorated by angiotensin blockade. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236(1):101–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel MC, Foster C, Brunner HR, Liu L. A systematic comparison of the properties of clinically used angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev. 2013;65(2):809–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai S, Jin D, Ikeda H, Sakonjo H, Miyazaki M. Significance of angiotensin II receptor blockers with high affinity to angiotensin II type 1 receptors for vascular protection in rats. Hypertens Res. 2009;32(10):853–860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley AW Jr. Renal medullary oxidative stress, pressure-natriuresis, and hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):777–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svetkey LP, McKeown SP, Wilson AF. Heritability of salt sensitivity in black Americans. Hypertension. 1996;28(5):854–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley AW Jr, Moreno C, Jacob HJ, et al. Characterization of biological pathways associated with a 1.37 Mbp genomic region protective of hypertension in Dahl S rats. Physiol Genomics. 2014;46(11):398–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano A, Isojima Y, Nagai K. Identification of mPer1 phosphorylation sites responsible for the nuclear entry. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(31):32578–32585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischl S, Vanselow K, Westermark PO, et al. Beta-TrCP1-mediated degradation of PERIOD2 is essential for circadian dynamics. J Biol Rhythms. 2007;22(5):375–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijs RM, Kalsbeek A. Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(7):521–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters RV, Zoeller RT, Hennessey AC, Stopa EG, Anderson G, Albers HE. The control of circadian rhythms and the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res. 1994;639(2):217–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncharuk VD, van Heerikhuize J, Dai JP, Swaab DF, Buijs RM. Neuropeptide changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in primary hypertension indicate functional impairment of the biological clock. J Comp Neurol. 2001;431(3):320–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijs FN, Cazarez F, Basualdo MC, et al. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is part of a neural feedback circuit adapting blood pressure response. Neuroscience. 2014;266:197–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Sun NL, Wang J, Liu AJ, Su DF. Circadian expression of clock genes and angiotensin II type 1 receptors in suprachiasmatic nuclei of sinoaortic-denervated rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007;28(4):484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makino M, Hayashi H, Takezawa H, Hirai M, Saito H, Ebihara S. Circadian rhythms of cardiovascular functions are modulated by the baroreflex and the autonomic nervous system in the rat. Circulation. 1997;96(5):1667–1674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagard RH. Resistant hypertension. Heart. 2012;98(3):254–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2008;117(25):e510–e526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic influence of office and ambulatory blood pressures in resistant hypertension. Arc Intern Med. 2008;168(21):2340–2346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Redon J, Campos C, Narciso ML, Rodicio JL, Pascual JM, Ruilope LM. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in refractory hypertension: a prospective study. Hypertension. 1998;31(2):712–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(24):2407–2415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Rios MT, Fernandez JR, Mojon A, and Smolensky MH. Around-the-clock ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is required to properly diagnose resistant hypertension and assess associated vascular risk. Curr hypertens rep. 2014;16(7):445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios MT, Dominguez-Sardina M, Ayala DE, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of isolated-office and true resistant hypertension determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Chronobiol Int. 2013;30(1–2):207–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K. Are melatonin and its receptor agonist specific antihypertensive modulators of resistant hypertension caused by disrupted circadian rhythm? J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011;5(5):354–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer FA, Van Montfrans GA, van Someren EJ, Mairuhu G, Buijs RM. Daily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2004;43(2):192–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A, Cannoletta M, Renzi A, Baldassari F, Arangino S, Volpe A. Prolonged melatonin administration decreases nocturnal blood pressure in women. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(12 Pt 1):1614–1618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto M. Pharmacology of ramelteon, a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist: a novel therapeutic drug for sleep disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2009;15(1):32–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozdzan M, Mozdzan M, Chalubinski M, Wojdan K, Broncel M. The effect of melatonin on circadian blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension. Arch Med Sci. 2014;10(4):669–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulis L, Simko F. Blood pressure modulation and cardiovascular protection by melatonin: potential mechanisms behind. Physiol Res. 2007;56(6):671–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechanova O, Paulis L, Simko F. Peripheral and central effects of melatonin on blood pressure regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(10):17920–17937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yugar-Toledo JC, Tanus-Santos JE, Sabha M, et al. Uncontrolled hypertension, uncompensated type II diabetes, and smoking have different patterns of vascular dysfunction. Chest. 2004;125(3):823–830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinaglia T, Martins LC, Figueiredo VN, et al. Non-dipping pattern relates to endothelial dysfunction in patients with uncontrolled resistant hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25(11):656–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Salvetti A. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on endothelial dysfunction: clinical implications. Drugs. 2002;62(2):265–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xhyheri B, Manfrini O, Mazzolini M, Pizzi C, Bugiardini R. Heart rate variability today. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;55(3):321–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen J, Dekker JM, TenVoorde BJ, et al. Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(10):1793–1798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salles GF, Ribeiro FM, Guimaraes GM, Muxfeldt ES, Cardoso CR. A reduced heart rate variability is independently associated with a blunted nocturnal blood pressure fall in patients with resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(3):644–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, Gonzaga CC, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: the most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;58(5):811–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(21):1315–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboyans V, Cassat C, Lacroix P, et al. Is the morning peak of acute myocardial infarction’s onset due to sleep-related breathing disorders? A prospective study. Cardiology. 2000;94(3):188–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima H, Henmi T, Minami K, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea increases the incidence of morning peak of onset in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2013;2(2):153–158.
   Google Scholar
• Junker-Neff A, Eberle R, T VA, Mehilli J, Hollweck R. Besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Schlafapnoesyndrom und der zirkadianen HÄufung von Myokardinfarkten in den Morgenstunden? [Is there an association between the sleep apnea syndrome and the circadian peak of myocardial infarction in the morning hours?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130(49):2818–2822. German.
   Google Scholar
• Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA. 2000;283(14):1829–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Li C, Feng L, Feng J, Cao J, Chen B. Prevalence of hypertension and circadian blood pressure variations in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2014;42(3):773–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvin AY, Sukmarova ZN, Elfimova EM, et al. Effects of CPAP on “vascular” risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and arterial hypertension. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2013;9:229–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yorgun H, Kabakci G, Canpolat U, et al. Predictors of blood pressure reduction with nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and prehypertension. Angiology. 2014;65(2):98–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Garcia MA, Capote F, Campos-Rodriguez F, et al. Effect of CPAP on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: the HIPARCO randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(22):2407–2415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Kuwabara M, Hoshide S, Nagai M, Shimpo M. Effects of nighttime single-dose administration of vasodilating vs sympatholytic antihypertensive agents on sleep blood pressure in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(6):459–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planes C, Leroy M, Fayet G, Aegerter P, Foucher A, Raffestin B. Exacerbation of sleep-apnoea related nocturnal blood-pressure fluctuations in hypertensive subjects. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(1):151–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh SW, Lai CL, Liu CK, Hsieh CF, Hsu CY. Obstructive sleep apnea linked to wake-up strokes. J Neurol. 2012;259(7):1433–1439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuniyoshi FH, Garcia-Touchard A, Gami AS, et al. Day-night variation of acute myocardial infarction in obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(5):343–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimenta AM, Kac G, Souza RR, Ferreira LM, Silqueira SM. Night-shift work and cardiovascular risk among employees of a public university. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2012;58(2):168–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Rong Y, He M, Wang Y, et al. The effects of shift work on sleeping quality, hypertension and diabetes in retired workers. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Billy BD, et al. Shiftworkers report worse sleep than day workers, even in retirement. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(2):201–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007;49(1):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieu SJ, Curhan GC, Schernhammer ES, Forman JP. Rotating night shift work and disparate hypertension risk in African-Americans. J Hypertens. 2012;30(1):61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlander J, Keskin MC, Stork J, Radon K. 0170 Shift work and hypertension: prevalence and analysis of disease pathways in German car manufacturing workers. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71 Suppl 1:A81.
   Google Scholar
• Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo K, Silventoinen K, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Shift-work and cardiovascular disease: a population-based 22-year follow-up study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(5):315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueshima H. Explanation for the Japanese paradox: prevention of increase in coronary heart disease and reduction in stroke. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007;14(6):278–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esquirol Y, Perret B, Ruidavets JB, et al. Shift work and cardiovascular risk factors: new knowledge from the past decade. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;104(12):636–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toker RT, Yildirim A, Demir T, Ucar B, Kilic Z. Circadian blood pressure rhythm in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Cardiol J. Epub July 8, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kanno A, Kikuya M, Asayama K, et al. Night-time blood pressure is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in a general population: the Ohasama Study. J Hypertens. 2013;31(12):2410–2417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei FF, Li Y, Zhang L, et al. Association of target organ damage with 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and hypertension subtypes in untreated Chinese. Hypertension. 2014;63(2):222–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Hoshide S. Rationale, study design, and implementation of the ACS1 study: effect of azilsartan on circadian and sleep blood pressure as compared with amlodipine. Blood Press Monit. 2014;19(3):123–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayreh SS, Podhajsky P, Zimmerman MB. Role of nocturnal arterial hypotension in optic nerve head ischemic disorders. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213(2):76–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasinska B, Karolczak-Kulesza M, Krasinski Z, et al. Effects of the time of antihypertensive drugs administration on the stage of primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with arterial hypertension. Blood Press. 2012;21(4):240–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter BL, Chrischilles EA, Rosenthal G, Gryzlak BM, Eisenstein EL, Vander Weg MW. Efficacy and safety of nighttime dosing of antihypertensives: review of the literature and design of a pragmatic clinical trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(2):115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. Chronotherapy of hypertension: administration-time-dependent effects of treatment on the circadian pattern of blood pressure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59(9–10):923–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27(8):1629–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernandez JR, Portaluppi F, Fabbian F, Smolensky MH. Circadian rhythms in blood pressure regulation and optimization of hypertension treatment with ACE inhibitor and ARB medications. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(4):383–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge FS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Dean CR; Canadian Hypertension Society. Night-time blood pressure patterns and target organ damage: a review. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23(2):132–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Portaluppi F. Circadian variation of blood pressure: The basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59(9–10):904–922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. Decreasing sleep-time blood pressure determined by ambulatory monitoring reduces cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(11):1165–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky M, Ayala DE, Hermida RC. Nondipping and cardiovascular risk after morning renin-angiotensin blockade. Hypertension. 2013;61(2):e15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, de Faire U, Sleight P, Yusuf S, Ostergren J. Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE Substudy. Hypertension. 2001;38(6):E28–E32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar