Osteoporosis – a current view of pharmacological prevention and treatment

References

• Clarke B Normal bone anatomy and physiology Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 3 Suppl 3 S131 S139 18988698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel TE Schaffler MB Fyhrie DP In vivo trabecular microcracks in human vertebral bone Bone 1996 19 2 89 95 8853850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumpler M Wurger T Roschger P Microcracks and osteoclast resorption activity in vitro Calcif Tissue Int 2012 90 3 230 238 22271249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy OD Herman BC Laudier DM Majeska RJ Sun HB Schaffler MB Activation of resorption in fatigue-loaded bone involves both apoptosis and active pro-osteoclastogenic signaling by distinct osteocyte populations Bone 2012 50 5 1115 1122 22342796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett JC Rogers MJ Coxon FP Hocking LJ Helfrich MH Bone remodelling at a glance J Cell Sci 2011 124 Pt 7 991 998 21402872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA McCloskey EV Johansson H Oden A Melton LJ3rd Khaltaev N A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis Bone 2008 42 3 467 475 18180210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA Johnell O Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe Osteoporos Int 2005 16 3 229 238 15618996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla S Melton LJ3rd Riggs BL The unitary model for estrogen deficiency and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: is a revision needed? J Bone Miner Res 2011 26 3 441 451 20928874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes DE Dai A Tiffee JC Li HH Mundy GR Boyce BF Estrogen promotes apoptosis of murine osteoclasts mediated by TGF-beta Nat Med 1996 2 10 1132 1136 8837613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano H Sato T Yamada T Suppressive function of androgen receptor in bone resorption Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 100 16 9416 9421 12872002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinnesael M Boonen S Claessens F Gielen E Vanderschueren D Testosterone and the male skeleton: a dual mode of action J Osteoporos 2011 2011 240328 21941679
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker-Bone K Recognizing and treating secondary osteoporosis Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012 8 8 480 492 22782006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav VK Oury F Suda N A serotonin-dependent mechanism explains the leptin regulation of bone mass, appetite, and energy expenditure Cell 2009 138 5 976 989 19737523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R Cooper C Reginster JY Antidepressant medications and osteoporosis Bone 2012 51 3 606 613 22659406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasco JA Seeman E Henry MJ Merriman EN Nicholson GC Kotowicz MA The population burden of fractures originates in women with osteopenia, not osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 2006 17 9 1404 1409 16699736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lems WF Raterman HG van den Bergh JP Osteopenia: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge Curr Osteoporos Rep 2011 9 3 167 172 21695407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for osteoporosis: recommendation statement Am Fam Physician 2011 83 10 1197 1200 21568254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama KK Macdonald HM Hanley DA Boyd SK Women with previous fragility fractures can be classified based on bone microarchitecture and finite element analysis measured with HR-pQCT Osteoporos Int 2013 24 5 1733 1740 23179565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA Oden A Johansson H Borgstrom F Strom O McCloskey E FRAX and its applications to clinical practice Bone 2009 44 5 734 743 19195497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J Coupland C Derivation and validation of updated QFracture algorithm to predict risk of osteoporotic fracture in primary care in the united kingdom: prospective open cohort study BMJ 2012 344 e3427 22619194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen ND Frost SA Center JR Eisman JA Nguyen TV Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks Osteoporos Int 2008 19 10 1431 1444 18324342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolland MJ Siu AT Mason BH Evaluation of the FRAX and garvan fracture risk calculators in older women J Bone Miner Res 2011 26 2 420 427 20721930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolland MJ Jackson R Gamble GD Grey A Discrepancies in predicted fracture risk in elderly people BMJ 2013 346 e8669 23338005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA Oden A Johansson H McCloskey E Pitfalls in the external validation of FRAX Osteoporos Int 2012 23 2 423 431 22120907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poku EK Towler MR Cummins NM Newman JD Developing novel prognostic biomarkers for multivariate fracture risk prediction algorithms Calcif Tissue Int 2012 91 3 204 214 22782503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory JS Testi D Stewart A Undrill PE Reid DM Aspden RM A method for assessment of the shape of the proximal femur and its relationship to osteoporotic hip fracture Osteoporos Int 2004 15 1 5 11 14605797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner KG Cummings SR Black D Palermo L Gluer CC Genant HK Simple measurement of femoral geometry predicts hip fracture: The study of osteoporotic fractures J Bone Miner Res 1993 8 10 1211 1217 8256658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritscher K Grunerbl A Hanni M Suhm N Hengg C Schubert R Trabecular bone analysis in CT and X-ray images of the proximal femur for the assessment of local bone quality IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2009 28 10 1560 1575 19520636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear SR Barr RJ McCloskey E Can we improve the prediction of hip fracture by assessing bone structure using shape and appearance modelling? Bone 2013 53 1 188 193 23220597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmarsh T Fritscher KD Humbert L Hip fracture discrimination from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry by statistical model registration Bone 2012 51 5 896 901 22959281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker-LePain JC Luker KR Lynch JA Parimi N Nevitt MC Lane NE Active shape modeling of the hip in the prediction of incident hip fracture J Bone Miner Res 2011 26 3 468 474 20878772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock NA Eisman JA Hopper JL Yeates MG Sambrook PN Eberl S Genetic determinants of bone mass in adults. A twin study J Clin Invest 1987 80 3 706 710 3624485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueguen R Jouanny P Guillemin F Kuntz C Pourel J Siest G Segregation analysis and variance components analysis of bone mineral density in healthy families J Bone Miner Res 1995 10 12 2017 2022 8619384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JB Rivadeneira F Inouye M Bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures: a genome-wide association study Lancet 2008 371 9623 1505 1512 18455228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Styrkarsdottir U Halldorsson BV Gretarsdottir S New sequence variants associated with bone mineral density Nat Genet 2009 41 1 15 17 19079262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada K Styrkarsdottir U Evangelou E Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture Nat Genet 2012 44 5 491 501 22504420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston SH Uitterlinden AG Genetics of osteoporosis Endocr Rev 2010 31 5 629 662 20431112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannan MT Felson DT Dawson-Hughes B Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study J Bone Miner Res 2000 15 4 710 720 10780863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Body JJ Bergmann P Boonen S Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis: a consensus of the Belgian Bone Club Osteoporos Int 2011 22 11 2769 2788 21360219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey PA Perry SB Anderson JM Screening postmenopausal women for fall and fracture prevention J Geriatr Phys Ther Epub December 17, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caroli A Poli A Ricotta D Banfi G Cocchi D Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art J Dairy Sci 2011 94 11 5249 5262 22032348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid DM Macdonald HM Nutrition and bone: is there more to it than just calcium and vitamin D? QJM 2001 94 2 53 56 11181980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieves JW Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals, beyond calcium and vitamin D Osteoporos Int 2013 24 3 771 786 23152094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MJ Crockett JC Coxon FP Monkkonen J Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates Bone 2011 49 1 34 41 21111853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith JC Monkkonen J Auriola S Monkkonen H Rogers MJ The molecular mechanism of action of the antiresorptive and antiinflammatory drug clodronate: evidence for the formation in vivo of a metabolite that inhibits bone resorption and causes osteoclast and macrophage apoptosis Arthritis Rheum 2001 44 9 2201 2210 11592386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis MD Valent DJ Historical perspectives on the clinical development of bisphosphonates in the treatment of bone diseases J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007 7 1 2 8 17396000
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith R Russell RG Bishop M Diphosphonates and Page’s disease of bone Lancet 1971 1 7706 945 947 4102275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts NB Harris ST Genant HK Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 1990 323 2 73 79 2113611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckman SP Hughes DE Coxon FP Graham R Russell G Rogers MJ Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway and prevent post-translational prenylation of GTP-binding proteins, including Ras J Bone Miner Res 1998 13 4 581 589 9556058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher JE Rogers MJ Halasy JM Alendronate mechanism of action: Geranylgeraniol, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and kinase activation in vitro Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 96 1 133 138 9874784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzstein C Coxon FP Rogers MJ The regulation of osteoclast function and bone resorption by small GTPases Small GTPases 2011 2 3 117 130 21776413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Beek E Pieterman E Cohen L Lowik C Papapoulos S Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase/farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase activity with relative potencies corresponding to their antiresorptive potencies in vitro and in vivo Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999 255 2 491 494 10049736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunford JE Thompson K Coxon FP Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase in vitro and inhibition of bone resorption in vivo by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 296 2 235 242 11160603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM Thompson DE Bauer DC Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: The fracture intervention trial. FIT research group J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85 11 4118 4124 11095442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R Zoledronic acid for the treatment and prevention of primary and secondary osteoporosis Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2010 2 1 3 16 22870433
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welton JL Morgan MP Marti S Monocytes and γδT cells control the acute phase response to intravenous zoledronate: insights from a phase IV safety trial J Bone Miner Res 2013 28 3 464 471 23074158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla S Burr D Cauley J Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research J Bone Miner Res 2007 22 10 1479 1491 17663640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher KE Jolly A Venkata UD Norman RG Saxena D Glickman RS Osteonecrosis of the jaw onset times are based on the route of bisphosphonate therapy J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013 71 3 513 519 22999296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assael LA Oral bisphosphonates as a cause of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: Clinical findings, assessment of risks, and preventive strategies J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009 67 Suppl 5 35 43 19371813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane E Burr D Ebeling PR Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research J Bone Miner Res 2010 25 11 2267 2294 20842676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx RE Sawatari Y Fortin M Broumand V Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: Risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 63 11 1567 1575 16243172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RN Phillips JR McCauley SH Elliott JR Moran CG Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate treatment: experience in two large United Kingdom teaching hospitals J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012 94 3 385 390 22371548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abrahamsen B Einhorn TA Beyond a reasonable doubt? Bisphosphonates and atypical femur fractures Bone 2012 50 5 1196 1200 22366401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM Delmas PD Eastell R Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 2007 356 18 1809 1822 17476007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy ME Parker RA Ferrell RE Zmuda JM Greenspan SL Farnesyl diphosphate synthase: a novel genotype association with bone mineral density in elderly women Maturitas 2007 57 3 247 252 17368768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini F Falchetti A Silvestri S Modulatory effect of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FDPS) rs2297480 polymorphism on the response to long-term amino-bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis Curr Med Res Opin 2008 24 9 2609 2615 18687167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmos JM Zarrabeitia MT Hernandez JL Sanudo C Gonzalez-Macias J Riancho JA Common allelic variants of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene influence the response of osteoporotic women to bisphosphonates Pharmacogenomics J 2012 12 3 227 232 21151198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das S Crockett JC Rogers MJ Upregulation of endogenous FPP synthase in cultured cells causes resistance to bisphosphonate Bone 2011 48 Suppl 2 S231 S231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR San Martin J McClung MR Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis N Engl J Med 2009 361 8 756 765 19671655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman E Delmas PD Hanley DA Microarchitectural deterioration of cortical and trabecular bone: Differing effects of denosumab and alendronate J Bone Miner Res 2010 25 8 1886 1894 20222106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malan J Ettinger K Naumann E Beirne OR The relationship of denosumab pharmacology and osteonecrosis of the jaws Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012 114 6 671 676 23159111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey RA Findlay DM Calcitonin: physiology or fantasy? J Bone Miner Res Epub March 20, 2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers TJ Magnus CJ Calcitonin alters behaviour of isolated osteoclasts J Pathol 1982 136 1 27 39 7057295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlossman M Brown M Shapiro E Dziak R Calcitonin effects on isolated bone cells Calcif Tissue Int 1982 34 2 190 196 6282413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs RWJr Bell NH Ettinger MP Comparison of alendronate and intranasal calcitonin for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85 5 1783 1788 10843152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency Questions and Answers on the Review of Calcitonin Containing Medicines: outcome of a procedure under Article 31 of Directive 2001/83/EC London, UK European Medicines Agency 2012 Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Calcitonin_31/WC500134838.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Watson PH Hanley DA Parathyroid hormone: Regulation of synthesis and secretion Clin Invest Med 1993 16 1 58 77 8467581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve J Meunier PJ Parsons JA Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: a multicentre trial Br Med J 1980 280 6228 1340 1344 6992932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve J Arlot M Price TR Periodic courses of human 1–34 parathyroid peptide alternating with calcitriol paradoxically reduce bone remodelling in spinal osteoporosis Eur J Clin Invest 1987 17 5 421 428 3121346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein JS Wyland JJ Lee H Neer RM Effects of teriparatide, alendronate, or both in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 4 1838 1845 20164296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T Tsujimoto M Hamaya E Sowa H Assessing the effect of baseline status of serum bone turnover markers and vitamin D levels on efficacy of teriparatide 20 μg/day administered subcutaneously in Japanese patients with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Metab 2013 31 2 199 205 23135345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag KG Shane E Boonen S Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis N Engl J Med 2007 357 20 2028 2039 18003959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deal C Omizo M Schwartz EN Combination teriparatide and raloxifene therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Results from a 6-month double-blind placebo-controlled trial J Bone Miner Res 2005 20 11 1905 1911 16234962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PD Delmas PD Lindsay R Early responsiveness of women with osteoporosis to teriparatide after therapy with alendronate or risedronate J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 93 10 3785 3793 18682511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jilka RL Weinstein RS Bellido T Roberson P Parfitt AM Manolagas SC Increased bone formation by prevention of osteoblast apoptosis with parathyroid hormone J Clin Invest 1999 104 4 439 446 10449436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amelio P Tamone C Sassi F Teriparatide increases the maturation of circulating osteoblast precursors Osteoporos Int 2012 23 4 1245 1253 21617993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe A Yoneyama S Nakajima M Osteosarcoma in Sprague-Dawley rats after long-term treatment with teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone (1–34)) J Toxicol Sci 2012 37 3 617 629 22688001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews EB Gilsenan AW Midkiff K The US postmarketing surveillance study of adult osteosarcoma and teriparatide: study design and findings from the first 7 years J Bone Miner Res 2012 27 12 2429 2437 22991313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraki M Sugimoto T Nakamura T Effects of a single injection of teriparatide on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2013 24 1 219 226 23093347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devogelaer JP Boutsen Y Manicourt DH Biologicals in osteoporosis: teriparatide and parathyroid hormone in women and men Curr Osteoporos Rep 2010 8 3 154 161 20563900
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farra R Sheppard NFJr McCabe L First-in-human testing of a wirelessly controlled drug delivery microchip Sci Transl Med 2012 4 122 122ra21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin G Deloffre P Perrat B Strontium distribution and interactions with bone mineral in monkey iliac bone after strontium salt (S 12911) administration J Bone Miner Res 1996 11 9 1302 1311 8864905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier PJ Slosman DO Delmas PD Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis – a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 87 5 2060 2066 11994341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier PJ Roux C Seeman E The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 2004 350 5 459 468 14749454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster JY Seeman E De Vernejoul MC Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 90 5 2816 2822 15728210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnelye E Chabadel A Saltel F Jurdic P Dual effect of strontium ranelate: Stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast formation and resorption in vitro Bone 2008 42 1 129 138 17945546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtel-Lemaire AS Mentaverri R Caudrillier A The calcium-sensing receptor is involved in strontium ranelate-induced osteoclast apoptosis. New insights into the associated signaling pathways J Biol Chem 2009 284 1 575 584 18927086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromigue O Hay E Barbara A Calcium sensing receptor-dependent and receptor-independent activation of osteoblast replication and survival by strontium ranelate J Cell Mol Med 2009 13 8B 2189 2199 20141614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudrillier A Hurtel-Lemaire AS Wattel A Strontium ranelate decreases receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclastic differentiation in vitro: involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor Mol Pharmacol 2010 78 4 569 576 20584969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caverzasio J Strontium ranelate promotes osteoblastic cell replication through at least two different mechanisms Bone 2008 42 6 1131 1136 18378206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R Reginster JY Adverse drug reactions to osteoporosis treatments Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2011 4 5 593 604 22220306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossouw JE Anderson GL Prentice RL Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women’s health initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 2002 288 3 321 333 12117397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Lancet 1997 350 9084 1047 1059 10213546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas PD Bjarnason NH Mitlak BH Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 1997 337 23 1641 1647 9385122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recker RR Kendler D Recknor CP Comparative effects of raloxifene and alendronate on fracture outcomes in postmenopausal women with low bone mass Bone 2007 40 4 843 851 17182297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster SA Shi N Curkendall S Fractures in women treated with raloxifene or alendronate: a retrospective database analysis BMC Womens Health 2013 13 1 15 23521803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E Mosca L Collins P Geiger MJ Grady D Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) Trial Investigators Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postemenopausal women N Engl J Med 2006 355 2 125 137 16837676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WL Chao HT Cheng MH Wang PH Rationale for using raloxifene to prevent both osteoporosis and breast cancer in postmenopausal women Maturitas 2008 60 2 92 107 18534794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming LG Chen KM Xian CJ Functions and action mechanisms of flavonoids genistein and icariin in regulating bone remodeling J Cell Physiol 2013 228 3 513 521 22777826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan JL Skulan JL Gordon GW Romaniello SJ Smith SM Anbar AD Rapidly assessing changes in bone mineral balance using natural stable calcium isotopes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 109 25 9989 9994 22652567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen JP Bergman GJ Huels J Olson M Prevention of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis: Mixed treatment comparison of bisphosphonate therapies Curr Med Res Opin 2009 25 8 1861 1868 19530978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freemantle N Cooper C Diez-Perez A Results of indirect and mixed treatment comparison of fracture efficacy for osteoporosis treatments: a meta-analysis Osteoporos Int 2013 24 1 209 217 22832638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balemans W Ebeling M Patel N Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST) Hum Mol Genet 2001 10 5 537 543 11181578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C Jiang X Dai Z Sclerostin mediates bone response to mechanical unloading through antagonizing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling J Bone Miner Res 2009 24 10 1651 1661 19419300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spatz J Ellman R Cloutier A Sclerostin antibody inhibits skeletal deterioration due to reduced mechanical loading J Bone Miner Res 2013 28 4 865 874 23109229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padhi D Jang G Stouch B Fang L Posvar E Single-dose, placebo-controlled, randomized study of AMG 785, a sclerostin monoclonal antibody J Bone Miner Res 2011 26 1 19 26 20593411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa AG Bilezikian JP Sclerostin: therapeutic horizons based upon its actions Curr Osteoporos Rep 2012 10 1 64 72 22234741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inaoka T Bilbe G Ishibashi O Tezuka K Kumegawa M Kokubo T Molecular cloning of human cDNA for cathepsin K: novel cysteine proteinase predominantly expressed in bone Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995 206 1 89 96 7818555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YP Alexander M Wucherpfennig AL Yelick P Chen W Stashenko P Cloning and complete coding sequence of a novel human cathepsin expressed in giant cells of osteoclastomas J Bone Miner Res 1995 10 8 1197 1202 8585423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelb BD Shi GP Chapman HA Desnick RJ Pycnodysostosis, a lysosomal disease caused by cathepsin K deficiency Science 1996 273 5279 1236 1238 8703060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saftig P Hunziker E Wehmeyer O Impaired osteoclastic bone resorption leads to osteopetrosis in cathepsin-K-deficient mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 95 23 13453 13458 9811821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier JY Chauret N Cromlish W The discovery of odanacatib (MK-0822), a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008 18 3 923 928 18226527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Castrillon JL Pinacho F De Luis D Lopez-Menendez M Duenas Laita A Odanacatib, a new drug for the treatment of osteoporosis: review of the results in postmenopausal women J Osteoporos 6 14 2010 2010 pii: 401581.
   Google Scholar
• Ng KW Potential role of odanacatib in the treatment of osteoporosis Clin Interv Aging 2012 7 235 247 22866001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert AF Rackwitz L Gilbert F Noth U Tuan RS Concise review: the clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for musculoskeletal regeneration: current status and perspectives Stem Cells Transl Med 2012 1 3 237 247 23197783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan M Yao W Liu R Directing mesenchymal stem cells to bone to augment bone formation and increase bone mass Nat Med 2012 18 3 456 462 22306732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts NB Adler RA Bilezikian JP Osteoporosis in men: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012 97 6 1802 1822 22675062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz BJ Holland SD Kline WF Matuszewski BK Porras AG Clinical pharmacology of alendronate sodium Osteoporos Int 1993 3 Suppl 3 S13 S16 8298197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker M Guo J Kehoe T Benson G Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis – where do we go from here? N Engl J Med 2012 366 22 2048 2051 22571168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts NB Diab DL Long-term use of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 4 1555 1565 20173017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T Berenson J Vescio R Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zoledronic acid in cancer patients with bone metastases J Clin Pharmacol 2002 42 11 1228 1236 12412821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero Barco CM Manrique Arija S Rodriguez Perez M Biochemical markers in osteoporosis: usefulness in clinical practice Reumatol Clin 2012 8 3 149 152 22089065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres E Mezquita P DeLa Higuera M Fernandez D Munoz M Actualizacion sobre la determinacion de marcadores de remodelado oseo. [Determination of markers of bone remodeling: an update.] Endocrinol Nutr 2003 50 6 237 243 Spanish.
   Google Scholar