SGLT1: A Potential Drug Target for Cardiovascular Disease

References

• Andersson C, Vasan RS. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in young individuals. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(4):230–240. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan S, Vassy JL, Ho YL, et al. Diabetes mellitus-related all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a national cohort of adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(4):e011295. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.011295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun JS, Ko SH. Current trends in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk management in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2021;123:154838. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br J Nutr. 2003;89(1):3–9. doi:10.1079/BJN2002763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng L, Uzui H, Guo H, Tada H. Role of SGLT1 in high glucose level-induced MMP-2 expression in human cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(5):6887–6892. doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.8688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheepers A, Joost HG, Schürmann A. The glucose transporter families SGLT and GLUT: molecular basis of normal and aberrant function. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(5):364–371. doi:10.1177/0148607104028005364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Onishi A, Koepsell H, Vallon V. Sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016;20(9):1109–1125. doi:10.1517/14728222.2016.1168808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyimesi G, Pujol-Giménez J, Kanai Y, Hediger MA. Sodium-coupled glucose transport, the SLC5 family, and therapeutically relevant inhibitors: from molecular discovery to clinical application. Pflugers Arch. 2020;472(9):1177–1206. doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02433-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano R, Shinozaki Y, Ohta T. Sodium-glucose cotransporters: functional properties and pharmaceutical potential. J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(4):770–782. doi:10.1111/jdi.13255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B, et al. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(2):129–139. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2030186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(2):117–128. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2030183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cariou B, Charbonnel B. Sotagliflozin as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015;24(12):1647–1656. doi:10.1517/13543784.2015.1100361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–2128. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644–657. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295–2306. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347–357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413–1424. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451–1461. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Pratley R, Dagogo-Jack S, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with ertugliflozin in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1425–1435. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2004967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan MT, Awad AK, Shih M, et al. Meta-analysis on the safety and efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporters 2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with and without diabetes. Am J Cardiol. 2023;187:93–99. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.10.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Franco A, Cantini G, Tani A, et al. Sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT) in human ischemic heart: a new potential pharmacological target. Int J Cardiol. 2017;243:86–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.05.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA, Norton L. Novel hypothesis to explain why SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit only 30-50% of filtered glucose load in humans. Diabetes. 2013;62(10):3324–3328. doi:10.2337/db13-0604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Butler J. Empagliflozin, calcium, and SGLT1/2 receptor affinity: another piece of the puzzle. ESC Heart Fail. 2018;5(4):549–551. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo H, Akoumianakis I, Badi I, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on human myocardial redox signalling: clinical implications. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(48):4947–4960. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand L, Auquier J, Renguet E, et al. Glucose transporters in cardiovascular system in health and disease. Pflugers Arch. 2020;472(9):1385–1399. doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02444-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra J, Mangali SB, Dasari D, et al. SGLT1 inhibition boon or bane for diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2020;34(2):173–188. doi:10.1111/fcp.12516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Zhou H. SGLT2 inhibitors: a novel player in the treatment and prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:4775–4788. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S269514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E. Sodium-Glucose Co-transporters and Their Inhibition: clinical Physiology. Cell Metab. 2017;26(1):27–38. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghezzi C, Loo DDF, Wright EM. Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1, SGLT2 and GLUT2. Diabetologia. 2018;61(10):2087–2097. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4656-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel CS, Lu C, Loo DDF, Hirayama BA, Voss AA, Wright EM. Glucose transport by human renal Na+/D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2011;300(1):C14–21. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00388.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrhovac I, Balen Eror D, Klessen D, et al. Localizations of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in human kidney and of SGLT1 in human small intestine, liver, lung, and heart. Pflugers Arch. 2015;467(9):1881–1898. doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1619-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Cryan EV, D’Andrea MR, Belkowski S, Conway BR, Demarest KT. Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). J Cell Biochem. 2003;90(2):339–346. doi:10.1002/jcb.10631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright EM. Glucose transport families SLC5 and SLC50. Mol Aspects Med. 2013;34(2–3):183–196. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppe R, Karbach U, Gambaryan S, et al. Expression of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons. J Neurochem. 1997;69(1):84–94. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69010084.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szablewski L. Brain Glucose Transporters: role in Pathogenesis and Potential Targets for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15). doi:10.3390/ijms22158142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vemula S, Roder KE, Yang T, Bhat GJ, Thekkumkara TJ, Abbruscato TJ. A functional role for sodium-dependent glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier during oxygen glucose deprivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;328(2):487–495. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.146589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwagi Y, Nagoshi T, Yoshino T, et al. Expression of SGLT1 in Human Hearts and Impairment of Cardiac Glucose Uptake by Phlorizin during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130605. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balteau M, Tajeddine N, de Meester C, et al. NADPH oxidase activation by hyperglycaemia in cardiomyocytes is independent of glucose metabolism but requires SGLT1. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;92(2):237–246. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvr230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee SK, McGaffin KR, Pastor-Soler NM, Ahmad F. SGLT1 is a novel cardiac glucose transporter that is perturbed in disease states. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;84(1):111–118. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvp190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habtemariam S. The molecular pharmacology of phloretin: anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action. Biomedicines. 2023;11(1). doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajor AM, Randolph KM, Kerner SA, Smith CD. Inhibitor binding in the human renal low- and high-affinity Na+/glucose cotransporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;324(3):985–991. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.129825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja M, Kinne RKH. Identification of phlorizin binding domains in sodium-glucose cotransporter family: SGLT1 as a unique model system. Biochimie. 2015;115:187–193. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;79(5):1510–1515. doi:10.1172/JCI112981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman TC, Dubrey SW. Development and potential role of type-2 sodium-glucose transporter inhibitors for management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2011;2(3):133–145. doi:10.1007/s13300-011-0004-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danne T, Edelman S, Frias JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of adding sotagliflozin, a dual sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT)1 and SGLT2 inhibitor, to optimized insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes and baseline body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m(2). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(3):854–860. doi:10.1111/dom.14271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khunti K, Davies M, Majeed A, Thorsted BL, Wolden ML, Paul SK. Hypoglycemia and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in insulin-treated people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(2):316–322. doi:10.2337/dc14-0920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Aart-van der Beek AB, de Boer RA, Heerspink HJL. Kidney and heart failure outcomes associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18(5):294–306. doi:10.1038/s41581-022-00535-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallon V, Thomson SC. Targeting renal glucose reabsorption to treat hyperglycaemia: the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibition. Diabetologia. 2017;60(2):215–225. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4157-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieg T, Masuda T, Gerasimova M, et al. Increase in SGLT1-mediated transport explains renal glucose reabsorption during genetic and pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition in euglycemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014;306(2):F188–193. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00518.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasoni D, Fonarow GC, Adamo M, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors as an early, first-line therapy in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(3):431–441. doi:10.1002/ejhf.2397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo C, Borrelli S, Liberti ME, et al. SGLT2 Inhibitors: nephroprotective Efficacy and Side Effects. Medicina. 2019;55(6). doi:10.3390/medicina55060268
   Google Scholar
• Dave CV, Schneeweiss S, Patorno E. Comparative risk of genital infections associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(2):434–438. doi:10.1111/dom.13531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Wang T, Shen S, Fang Z, Dong Y, Tang H. Urinary tract and genital infections in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(3):348–355. doi:10.1111/dom.12825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, Cohan P, Diner JC, Hirsch IB. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1687–1693. doi:10.2337/dc15-0843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbins RL, Greenway FL, Chen L, et al. Selective sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 inhibitors block glucose absorption and impair glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015;308(11):G946–954. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00286.2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alruwaili NW, Alshdayed F. Fructose Metabolism and Its Effect on Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption Patients: a Literature Review. Diagnostics. 2023;13(2). doi:10.3390/diagnostics13020294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk E, Zabel B, Mundlos S, Dyer J, Wright EM. Glucose/galactose malabsorption caused by a defect in the Na+/glucose cotransporter. Nature. 1991;350(6316):354–356. doi:10.1038/350354a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín MG, Turk E, Lostao MP, Kerner C, Wright EM. Defects in Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) trafficking and function cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. Nat Genet. 1996;12(2):216–220. doi:10.1038/ng0296-216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambrowicz B, Freiman J, Brown PM, et al. LX4211, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(2):158–169. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny HC, Abel ED. Heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circ Res. 2019;124(1):121–141. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain S, Druyts E, Balijepalli C, et al. Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality associated with sulphonylureas compared with other antihyperglycaemic drugs: a Bayesian meta-analysis of survival data. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(3):329–335. doi:10.1111/dom.12821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asleh R, Sheikh-Ahmad M, Briasoulis A, Kushwaha SS. The influence of anti-hyperglycemic drug therapy on cardiovascular and heart failure outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(3):445–459. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9666-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyström T, Bodegard J, Nathanson D, Thuresson M, Norhammar A, Eriksson JW. Novel oral glucose-lowering drugs are associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and severe hypoglycaemia compared with insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(6):831–841. doi:10.1111/dom.12889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell O, Rydén L, Standl E, Ceriello A. Updates on cardiovascular outcome trials in diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1):128. doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0610-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson PL, Davis TME. Cardiovascular Effects of Glucose-lowering Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes: new Drugs in Perspective. Clin Ther. 2017;39(5):1012–1025. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia G, Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: a hyperglycaemia- and insulin-resistance-induced heart disease. Diabetologia. 2018;61(1):21–28. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4390-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia G, Hill MA, Sowers JR. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: an update of mechanisms contributing to this clinical entity. Circ Res. 2018;122(4):624–638. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtaza G, Virk HUH, Khalid M, et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy - A comprehensive updated review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62(4):315–326. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia G, DeMarco VG, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(3):144–153. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin N, Lin H, Yang Q, et al. SGLT1 Inhibition Attenuates Apoptosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via the JNK and p38 Pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:598353. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.598353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiordaliso F, Bianchi R, Staszewsky L, et al. Antioxidant treatment attenuates hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte death in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004;37(5):959–968. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyntar D, Sergeev P, Klisic J, Ambühl P, Schaub MC, Donath MY. High glucose alters cardiomyocyte contacts and inhibits myofibrillar formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(5):1961–1967. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasari D, Bhat A, Mangali S, et al. Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin Attenuate Glucolipotoxicity-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes via Inhibition of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-1. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2022;5(4):216–225. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luptak I, Yan J, Cui L, Jain M, Liao R, Tian R. Long-term effects of increased glucose entry on mouse hearts during normal aging and ischemic stress. Circulation. 2007;116(8):901–909. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.691253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(1):245–313. doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng KM, Lau YM, Dhandhania V, et al. Empagliflozin Ameliorates High Glucose Induced-Cardiac Dysfunction in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):14872. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33293-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar S, Kain V, Sitasawad SL. High glucose-induced Ca2+ overload and oxidative stress contribute to apoptosis of cardiac cells through mitochondrial dependent and independent pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1820(7):907–920. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuricová K, Pácal L, Šoupal J, Prázný M, Kaňková K. Effect of glucose variability on pathways associated with glucotoxicity in diabetes: evaluation of a novel in vitro experimental approach. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;114:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito S, Teshima Y, Fukui A, et al. Glucose fluctuations increase the incidence of atrial fibrillation in diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;104(1):5–14. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying C, Liu T, Ling H, et al. Glucose variability aggravates cardiac fibrosis by altering AKT signalling path. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2017;14(4):327–335. doi:10.1177/1479164117698917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Marfella R, Paolisso G. Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation by blunting daily acute glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):2076–2082. doi:10.2337/dc12-0199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito S, Thuc LC, Teshima Y, et al. Glucose Fluctuations Aggravate Cardiac Susceptibility to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Modulating MicroRNAs Expression. Circ J. 2016;80(1):186–195. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrepfer E, Scorrano L. Mitofusins, from Mitochondria to Metabolism. Mol Cell. 2016;61(5):683–694. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W, Chai Q, Zhang Z. Glucose fluctuation accelerates cardiac injury of diabetic mice via sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). Arch Biochem Biophys. 2021;709:108968. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2021.108968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Chai Q, Zhang Z, Lu D, Meng Z, Wu W. Inhibition of SGLT1 protects against glycemic variability-induced cardiac damage and pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes in diabetic mice. Life Sci. 2021;271:119116. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man SM, Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Molecular mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes in infectious diseases. Immunol Rev. 2017;277(1):61–75. doi:10.1111/imr.12534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai Q, Meng Z, Lu D, Zhang Z, Liu M, Wu W. Intermittent high glucose induces pyroptosis of rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes via sodium-glucose cotransporter 1. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021;476(6):2479–2489. doi:10.1007/s11010-021-04104-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai Q, Miao J, Liu M, Zhang Z, Meng Z, Wu W. Knockdown of SGLT1 prevents the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by glucose fluctuation via relieving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Biochem Cell Biol. 2021;99(3):356–363. doi:10.1139/bcb-2020-0491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Versari D, Daghini E, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S. Endothelial dysfunction as a target for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):S314–321. doi:10.2337/dc09-S330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, et al. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000;404(6779):787–790. doi:10.1038/35008121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khemais-Benkhiat S, Belcastro E, Idris-Khodja N, et al. Angiotensin II-induced redox-sensitive SGLT1 and 2 expression promotes high glucose-induced endothelial cell senescence. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(3):2109–2122. doi:10.1111/jcmm.14233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frangogiannis NG. Cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(6):1450–1488. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng L, Liu L, Zhou C, et al. Polyphenols and Polypeptides in Chinese Rice Wine Inhibit Homocysteine-induced Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2016;67(6):482–490. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao L, Bei Y, Chen P, et al. Crucial Role of miR-433 in Regulating Cardiac Fibrosis. Theranostics. 2016;6(12):2068–2083. doi:10.7150/thno.15007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Xiao H, Luo H, et al. Inhibitory effects of oxymatrine on TGF‑β1‑induced proliferation and abnormal differentiation in rat cardiac fibroblasts via the p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(4):5354–5362. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H, Guan L, Meng L, Uzui H, Guo H. SGLT1 Knockdown Attenuates Cardiac Fibroblast Activation in Diabetic Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:700366. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.700366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W, Chai Q, Zhang Z. Inhibition of SGLT1 Alleviates the Glycemic Variability-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis via Inhibition of Activation of Macrophage and Cardiac Fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol. 2022;42(2):e0028221. doi:10.1128/MCB.00282-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atri C, Guerfali FZ, Laouini D. Role of Human Macrophage Polarization in Inflammation during Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6). doi:10.3390/ijms19061801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing R, Long TY, Pan W, Li F, Xie QY. IL-6 knockout ameliorates myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction by regulating activation of M2 macrophages and fibroblast cells. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(14):6283–6291. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201907_18450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Zheng J, Miao Y, et al. Serum-glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 regulates alternatively activated macrophage polarization contributing to angiotensin II-induced inflammation and cardiac fibrosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(7):1675–1686. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.248732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119–177. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb AA, Hill BG. Metabolic Coordination of Physiological and Pathological Cardiac Remodeling. Circ Res. 2018;123(1):107–128. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawa Y, Saito M, Ishida N, et al. Pretreatment with KGA-2727, a selective SGLT1 inhibitor, is protective against myocardial infarction-induced ventricular remodeling and heart failure in mice. J Pharmacol Sci. 2020;142(1):16–25. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2019.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Kong B, Shuai W, Chen T, Zhang J, Huang H. Effect of sotagliflozin on ventricular arrhythmias in mice with myocardial infraction. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;936:175357. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Agrawal V, Ramratnam M, et al. Cardiac sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 is a novel mediator of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115(11):1646–1658. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvz037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramratnam M, Sharma RK, D’Auria S, et al. Transgenic knockdown of cardiac sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) attenuates PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, whereas transgenic overexpression of cardiac SGLT1 causes pathologic hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(4). doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.000899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayour AA, Ruppert M, Oláh A, et al. Left Ventricular SGLT1 Protein Expression Correlates with the Extent of Myocardial Nitro-Oxidative Stress in Rats with Pressure and Volume Overload-Induced Heart Failure. Antioxidants. 2021;10(8). doi:10.3390/antiox10081190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita N, Ishida N, Ibi M, et al. Chronic Pressure Overload Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis via Increases in SGLT1 and IL-18 Gene Expression in Mice. Int Heart J. 2018;59(5):1123–1133. doi:10.1536/ihj.17-565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young SL, Ryan L, Mullins TP, et al. Sotagliflozin, a Dual SGLT1/2 Inhibitor, Improves Cardiac Outcomes in a Normoglycemic Mouse Model of Cardiac Pressure Overload. Front Physiol. 2021;12:738594. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.738594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohendanner F, Messroghli D, Bode D, et al. Atrial remodelling in heart failure: recent developments and relevance for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2018;5(2):211–221. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skanes AC, Tang ASL. Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure: untangling a Modern Gordian Knot. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(11):1437–1448. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.07.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode D, Semmler L, Wakula P, et al. Dual SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 inhibition improves left atrial dysfunction in HFpEF. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):7. doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01208-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayour AA, Oláh A, Ruppert M, et al. Characterization of left ventricular myocardial sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 expression in patients with end-stage heart failure. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):159. doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01141-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montezano AC, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Rios FJ, Touyz RM. Angiotensin II and vascular injury. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16(6):431. doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0431-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Belcastro E, Hasan H, et al. Angiotensin II-induced upregulation of SGLT1 and 2 contributes to human microparticle-stimulated endothelial senescence and dysfunction: protective effect of gliflozins. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):65. doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01252-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckert C, Matsushita K, Mroueh A, et al. Empagliflozin prevents angiotensin II-induced hypertension related micro and macrovascular endothelial cell activation and diastolic dysfunction in rats despite persistent hypertension: role of endothelial SGLT1 and 2. Vascul Pharmacol. 2022;146:107095. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2022.107095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar