The Effect of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Emergence Delirium Prevention in Pediatric Ambulatory Dental Rehabilitation Under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

References

• Vlajkovic GP, Sindjelic RP. Emergence delirium in children: many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(1):84–91. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250914.91881.a8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason KP. Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118(3):335–343. doi:10.1093/bja/aew477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuratani N, Oi Y. Greater incidence of emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane anesthesia as compared with halothane: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(2):225–232. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31817f5c18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Miao S, Gu T, et al. Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence delirium and postoperative behavioral changes in pediatric patients with sevoflurane anesthesia: a double-blind, randomized trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:897–905. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S196075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley PF, Chaudhary M, Lourenço-Matharu L. Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;12(12):Cd003877. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003877.pub5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• F LIU, Yang K, Wang P, et al. Trends, characteristics, and success rates of treatment for severe early childhood caries under general anesthesia: a retrospective Study in Northwest China. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021;45(4):278–283. doi:10.17796/1053-4625-45.4.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell RL, Shetty NS, Shetty KS, et al. Pediatric dental surgery under general anesthesia: uncooperative children. Anesth Prog. 2018;65(4):225–230. doi:10.2344/anpr-65-03-04
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim DH, Min KT, Kim EH, et al. Comparison of the effects of inhalational and total intravenous anesthesia on quality of recovery in patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Med Sci. 2022;19(6):1056–1064. doi:10.7150/ijms.72758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis K, Alshamsi F, Carayannopoulos KL, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs other sedatives in critically ill mechanically ventilated adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(7):811–840. doi:10.1007/s00134-022-06712-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu C, Zhang LM, Zhang Y, et al. Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as a Sedative Premedication for Patients Undergoing Suspension Laryngoscopy: a Randomized Double-Blind Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154192. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Huang L, Zhang T, et al. Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: a randomised clinical trial. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:5142913. doi:10.1155/2020/5142913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(5):1138–1145. doi:10.1097/00000542-200405000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajwa SA, Costi D, Cyna AM. A comparison of emergence delirium scales following general anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010;20(8):704–711. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03328.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crellin DJ, Harrison D, Santamaria N, et al. Systematic review of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability scale for assessing pain in infants and children: is it reliable, valid, and feasible for use? Pain. 2015;156(11):2132–2151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Chen Y, Huang J, et al. Efficacy of premedication with intranasal dexmedetomidine on inhalational induction and postoperative emergence agitation in pediatric undergoing cataract surgery with sevoflurane. J Clin Anesth. 2016;33:289–295. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jangra S, Ashok V, Sethi S, et al. Atomised intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral melatonin in prevention of emergence delirium in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery with sevoflurane: a randomised double-blind study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(11):868–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Sun X, Liu X, et al. Single bolus dexmedetomidine versus propofol for treatment of pediatric emergence delirium following general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2022;32(3):446–451. doi:10.1111/pan.14381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HY, Chen TY, Li DJ, et al. Association of pharmacological prophylaxis with the risk of pediatric emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia: an updated network meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2021;75:110488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li BL, Guan YP, Yuen VM, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine in Infants and Young Children. Anesthesiology. 2022;137(2):163–175. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uusalo P, Guillaume S, Siren S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and Sedative Effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine in Ambulatory Pediatric Patients. Anesth Analg. 2020;130(4):949–957. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmani S, Delivet H, Hilly J. Emergence delirium in children: an update. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(3):309–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Lee J, Lim H, et al. Cartoon distraction alleviates anxiety in children during induction of anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(5):1168–1173. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31824fb469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JH, Oh AY, Yoo HJ, et al. The effect of an immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theater on emergence delirium in children undergoing general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth. 2019;29(1):98–105. doi:10.1111/pan.13535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Júnior LC, Lima RAG, Olson K, et al. Systematic review protocol examining the effectiveness of hospital clowns for symptom cluster management in paediatrics. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e026524. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao J, Gong H, Zhao X, et al. Parental presence and intranasal dexmedetomidine for the prevention of anxiety during anesthesia induction in children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1015357. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1015357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerink MAS, Struys M, Hannivoort LN, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(8):893–913. doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei DX, Wu CJ, Wu ZY, et al. Efficacy of different doses of intranasal dexmedetomidine in preventing emergence agitation in children with inhalational anaesthesia: a prospective randomised trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(11):858–867. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysostomou C, Schmitt CG. Dexmedetomidine: sedation, analgesia and beyond. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4(5):619–627. doi:10.1517/17425255.4.5.619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton JJ, Mctigue DJ, Fields HW, et al. Attitudes of contemporary parents toward behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent. 2005;27(2):107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical Affairs Committee-Behavior Management Subcommittee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent. 2015;37(5):57–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welborn LG, Hannallah RS, Norden JM, et al. Comparison of emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane in pediatric ambulatory patients. Anesth Analg. 1996;83(5):917–920. doi:10.1213/00000539-199611000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerman J, Davis PJ, Welborn LG, et al. Induction, recovery, and safety characteristics of sevoflurane in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. A comparison with halothane. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(6):1332–1340. doi:10.1097/00000542-199606000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen F, Zhang Q, Xu Y, et al. Effect of intranasal dexmedetomidine or midazolam for premedication on the occurrence of respiratory adverse events in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8):e2225473. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.25473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbayani CG, Fortier MA, Kain ZN. Non-pharmacological methods of reducing perioperative anxiety in children. BJA Educ. 2020;20(12):424–430. doi:10.1016/j.bjae.2020.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar