Revolutionizing Stroke Recovery: Unveiling the Promise of Stem Cell Therapy

References

• Warlow C, Gijn J. 133Stroke. In: Turner MR, Kiernan MC, editors. Landmark Papers in Neurology. Oxford University Press; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(1):18–29. doi:10.1177/17474930211065917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azad TD, Veeravagu A, Steinberg GK. Neurorestoration after stroke. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;40(5):E2. doi:10.3171/2016.2.FOCUS15637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, et al. Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology. 2000;55(4):565–569. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.4.565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boltze J, Modo MM, Mays RW, et al. Stem Cells as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke 4: advancing and Accelerating Preclinical Research. Stroke. 2019;50(11):3299–3306. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokaia Z, Llorente IL, Carmichael ST. Customized Brain Cells for Stroke Patients Using Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stroke. 2018;49(5):1091–1098. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achon Buil B, Tackenberg C, Rust R. Editing a gateway for cell therapy across the blood-brain barrier. Brain. 2023;146(3):823–841. doi:10.1093/brain/awac393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achon Buil B, Rentsch NH, Weber RZ, et al. Beneath the radar: immune-evasive cell sources for stroke therapy. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30(3):223–238. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rust R, Tackenberg C. Stem Cell Therapy for Repair of the Injured Brain: five Principles. Neuroscientist. 2024;30(1):10–16. doi:10.1177/10738584221110100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl AS, Omlor W, Rubio JC, et al. Neuronal repair. Asynchronous therapy restores motor control by rewiring of the rat corticospinal tract after stroke. Science. 2014;344(6189):1250–1255. doi:10.1126/science.1253050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhao Z, Rege SV, et al. 3K3A-activated protein C stimulates postischemic neuronal repair by human neural stem cells in mice. Nat Med. 2016;22(9):1050–1055. doi:10.1038/nm.4154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust R, Weber RZ, Generali M, et al. Xeno-free induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells for in vivo applications. J Transl Med. 2022;20(1):421. doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03610-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorente IL, Xie Y, Mazzitelli JA, et al. Patient-derived glial enriched progenitors repair functional deficits due to white matter stroke and vascular dementia in rodents. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(590). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz6747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakrzewski W, Dobrzynski M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):68. doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki T, Ishii S, Katayama Y. Regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced hematopoietic stem cell mobilization by the sympathetic nervous system. Curr Opin Hematol. 2023;30(4):124–129. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV. Concise Review: stem Cell Therapy for Stroke Patients: are We There Yet? Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019;8(9):983–988. doi:10.1002/sctm.19-0076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang WZ, Lin YH, Su LJ, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based therapy: mechanism, systemic safety and biodistribution for precision clinical applications. J Biomed Sci. 2021;28(1):28. doi:10.1186/s12929-021-00725-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui LL, Kerkela E, Bakreen A, et al. The cerebral embolism evoked by intra-arterial delivery of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats is related to cell dose and infusion velocity. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6(1):11. doi:10.1186/scrt544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu Z, Zhang S, Zhou L, et al. Thromboembolism Induced by Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Infusion: a Report of Two Cases and Literature Review. Transplant Proc. 2017;49(7):1656–1658. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.03.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trounson A, McDonald C. Stem Cell Therapies in Clinical Trials: progress and Challenges. Cell Stem Cell. 2015;17(1):11–22. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uccelli A, Laroni A, Freedman MS. Mesenchymal stem cells as treatment for MS - progress to date. Mult Scler. 2013;19(5):515–519. doi:10.1177/1352458512464686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uccelli A, Laroni A, Freedman MS. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(7):649–656. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70121-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volarevic V, Markovic BS, Gazdic M, et al. Ethical and Safety Issues of Stem Cell-Based Therapy. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(1):36–45. doi:10.7150/ijms.21666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Peault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019;4(1):22. doi:10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo JH, Cho SR. Neurorestoration induced by mesenchymal stem cells: potential therapeutic mechanisms for clinical trials. Yonsei Med J. 2012;53(6):1059–1067. doi:10.3349/ymj.2012.53.6.1059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Fei Y, Xu C, Zhao Y, Pan Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate neurological deficits and blood-brain barrier dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(5):4715–4724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Shang X, Hao M, et al. Effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation combined with minimally invasive hematoma aspiration on intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Am J Transl Res. 2015;7(11):2176–2186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Tang YX, Liu YM, et al. Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells is associated with neural differentiation and functional improvement in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(10):847–854. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00382.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martello G, Smith A. The nature of embryonic stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30(1):647–675. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sobrino T, Arias S, Perez-Mato M, et al. Cd34+ progenitor cells likely are involved in the good functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage in humans. J Neurosci Res. 2011;89(7):979–985. doi:10.1002/jnr.22627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England TJ, Abaei M, Auer DP, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for mobilizing bone marrow stem cells in subacute stroke: the stem cell trial of recovery enhancement after stroke 2 randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2012;43(2):405–411. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang T, Li XQ, Wu H, Luo JK, Zhang HX, Luo TL. Activation of endogenous neural stem cells in experimental intracerebral hemorrhagic rat brains. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004;117(9):1342–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Jiang C, Peng J, Hu X, Xia Y. Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells-Overexpressed Ku70 Improves Neurological Deficits in a Mice Model of Cerebral Ischemia Stroke. Neurochem Res. 2023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin J, Ma X, Qi H, et al. Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Alleviates Cerebral Inflammation and Neural Damage in Hemorrhagic Stroke. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherkashova E, Namestnikova D, Leonov G, et al. Comparative study of the efficacy of intra-arterial and intravenous transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural progenitor cells in experimental stroke. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16358. doi:10.7717/peerj.16358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Fernandez M, Rodriguez-Frutos B, Ramos-Cejudo J, Otero-Ortega L, Fuentes B, Diez-Tejedor E. Stem cells for brain repair and recovery after stroke. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(11):1479–1483. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.824420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdarvandy M, Karimian M, Atlasi MA, Azami Tameh A. Heat shock protein 27 as a neuroprotective biomarker and a suitable target for stem cell therapy and pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke. Cell Biol Int. 2020;44(2):356–367. doi:10.1002/cbin.11237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrostek MR, Fellows EG, Crane AT, Grande AW, Low WC. Efficacy of stem cell-based therapies for stroke. Brain Res. 2019;1722:146362. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin A, Srivastava MV, Kumaran SS, et al. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells in chronic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2011;1(1):93–104. doi:10.1159/000333381
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu J, Xiao Y, Li Z, et al. Efficacy of Surgery Combined with Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stem Cells Int. 2015;2015:318269. doi:10.1155/2015/318269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn SY, Chang YS, Sung SI, Park WS. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants: phase I Dose-Escalation Clinical Trial. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2018;7(12):847–856. doi:10.1002/sctm.17-0219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Xi H, Huang H, et al. Multiple cell transplantation based on an intraparenchymal approach for patients with chronic phase stroke. Cell Transplant. 2013;22 Suppl 1:S83–S91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Z, Mao G, Sun L, Ao Q, Gu Y, Liu Y. Cell therapy for cerebral hemorrhage: five year follow-up report. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(6):3535–3540. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue YZ, Li XX, Li L. Curative effect and safety of intrathecal transplantation of neural stem cells for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(4):8294–8300. doi:10.4238/2014.October.20.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin A, Kumaran SS, Bhatia R, Mohanty S, Srivastava MVP. Safety and Feasibility of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Chronic Stroke in Indian patients. A four-year follow up. J Stem Cells Regen Med. 2017;13(1):14–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawabori M, Shichinohe H, Kuroda S, Houkin K. Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapy for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7380. doi:10.3390/ijms21197380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YH, Ma YY, Zhang ZJ, Wang YT, Yang GY. Opportunities and challenges: stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015;21(4):337–347. doi:10.1111/cns.12386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas R, Murea S. The role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in mobilization and transplantation of peripheral blood progenitor and stem cells. Cytokines Mol Ther. 1995;1(4):249–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sohn SK, Kim JG, Seo KW, et al. GM-CSF-based mobilization effect in normal healthy donors for allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30(2):81–86. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baak LM, Wagenaar N, van der Aa NE, et al. Feasibility and safety of intranasally administered mesenchymal stromal cells after perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke in the Netherlands (PASSIoN): a first-in-human, open-label intervention study. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):528–536. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00117-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Celis-Ruiz E, Fuentes B, Alonso de Lecinana M, et al. Final Results of Allogeneic Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Ischemic Stroke (AMASCIS): a Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Center, Pilot Clinical Trial. Cell Transplant. 2022;31:9636897221083863. doi:10.1177/09636897221083863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Hong JM, Moon GJ, et al. A long-term follow-up study of intravenous autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with ischemic stroke. Stem Cells. 2010;28(6):1099–1106. doi:10.1002/stem.430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao LY, Huang FJ, Zhao M, et al. A two-year follow-up study of cotransplantation with neural stem/progenitor cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in ischemic stroke patients. Cell Transplant. 2014;23(Suppl 1):S65–72. doi:10.3727/096368914X684961
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cotten CM, Murtha AP, Goldberg RN, et al. Feasibility of autologous cord blood cells for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):973–979 e971. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng L, Peng Q, Wang H, et al. Intrathecal Injection of Allogenic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Treatment of Patients with Severe Ischemic Stroke: study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Observer-Blinded Trial. Transl Stroke Res. 2019;10(2):170–177. doi:10.1007/s12975-018-0634-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy ML, Crawford JR, Dib N, Verkh L, Tankovich N, Cramer SC. Phase I/II Study of Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Intravenous Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Stroke. Stroke. 2019;50(10):2835–2841. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law ZK, Tan HJ, Chin SP, et al. The effects of intravenous infusion of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with subacute middle cerebral artery infarct: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial on safety, tolerability and efficacy. Cytotherapy. 2021;23(9):833–840. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaillard A, Hommel M, Moisan A, et al. Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Motor Recovery in Subacute Ischemic Stroke: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Transl Stroke Res. 2020;11(5):910–923. doi:10.1007/s12975-020-00787-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Lee CC, Liu DD, Li H. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2006;174(7):927–933. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang OY, Lee JS, Lee PH, Lee G. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients. Ann Neurol. 2005;57(6):874–882. doi:10.1002/ana.20501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahidy FS, Haque ME, Rahbar MH, et al. Intravenous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Acute Ischemic Stroke: safety, Feasibility, and Effect Size from a Phase I Clinical Trial. Stem Cells. 2019;37(11):1481–1491. doi:10.1002/stem.3080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad K, Sharma A, Garg A, et al. Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: a multicentric, randomized trial. Stroke. 2014;45(12):3618–3624. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shichinohe H, Kawabori M, Iijima H, et al. Research on advanced intervention using novel bone marrOW stem cell (RAINBOW): a study protocol for a Phase I, open-label, uncontrolled, dose-response trial of autologous bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in patients with acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):179. doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0955-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee J, Chang WH, Chung JW, et al. Efficacy of Intravenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Motor Recovery After Ischemic Stroke: a Neuroimaging Study. Stroke. 2022;53(1):20–28. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.034505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moniche F, Cabezas-Rodriguez JA, Valverde R, et al. Safety and efficacy of intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke in Spain (IBIS trial): a phase 2, randomised, open-label, standard-of-care controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(2):137–146. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00526-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz SI, Yavagal D, Rappard G, et al. A Phase 2 Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Internal Carotid Artery Infusion of Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived ALD-401 Cells in Patients With Recent Stable Ischemic Stroke (RECOVER-Stroke). Circulation. 2019;139(2):192–205. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee S, Bentley P, Hamady M, et al. Intra-Arterial Immunoselected CD34+ Stem Cells for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2014;3(11):1322–1330. doi:10.5966/sctm.2013-0178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Guo Y, Tan S, et al. Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cells Transplantation for Acute Ischemic Stroke: a 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019;8(1):14–21. doi:10.1002/sctm.18-0012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia V, Gupta V, Khurana D, Sharma RR, Khandelwal N. Randomized Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Intra-Arterial Infusion of Autologous Stem Cells in Subacute Ischemic Stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(5):899–904. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad K, Mohanty S, Bhatia R, et al. Autologous intravenous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for patients with subacute ischaemic stroke: a pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136(2):221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houkin K, Osanai T, Uchiyama S, et al. Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: the Phase 2/3 TREASURE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2024;81(2):154–162. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.5200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalladka D, Sinden J, Pollock K, et al. Human neural stem cells in patients with chronic ischaemic stroke (PISCES): a phase 1, first-in-man study. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):787–796. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30513-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir KW, Bulters D, Willmot M, et al. Intracerebral implantation of human neural stem cells and motor recovery after stroke: multicentre prospective single-arm study (PISCES-2). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(4):396–401. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-322515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Zhu W, Zhu J, Wu L, Xu G, Liu X. Feasibility of delivering mesenchymal stem cells via catheter to the proximal end of the lesion artery in patients with stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. Cell Transplant. 2013;22(12):2291–2298. doi:10.3727/096368912X658818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan K, Deng L, Chen P, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Repeated Intrathecal Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Patients with Neurological Diseases. Stem Cells Int. 2019;2019:8421281. doi:10.1155/2019/8421281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprigg N, Bath PM, Zhao L, et al. Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor mobilizes bone marrow stem cells in patients with subacute ischemic stroke: the Stem cell Trial of recovery EnhanceMent after Stroke (STEMS) pilot randomized, controlled trial (ISRCTN 16784092). Stroke. 2006;37(12):2979–2983. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000248763.49831.c3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floel A, Warnecke T, Duning T, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in stroke patients with concomitant vascular disease--a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringelstein EB, Thijs V, Norrving B, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of the AX200 for Ischemic Stroke trial. Stroke. 2013;44(10):2681–2687. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schabitz WR, Laage R, Vogt G, et al. AXIS: a trial of intravenous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2545–2551. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.579508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuma A, Yamashita T, Kono S, et al. Phase II Trial of Intravenous Low-Dose Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(6):1451–1457. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorthi S, Nauwhar D, Gupta P, Hassan K. A Randomized Control Trial of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Intervention in Acute Ischemic Stroke to Improve Functional Outcome (P1.139). Neurology. 2014;82(10_supplement):P1.139. doi:10.1212/WNL.82.10_supplement.P1.139
   Google Scholar
• Alasheev AM, Belkin AA, Leiderman IN, Ivanov RA, Isakova TM. Granulocyte-colony-stimulating Factor for Acute Ischemic Stroke: a Randomized Controlled Trial (STEMTHER). Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(3):358–365. doi:10.1007/s12975-011-0091-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan ZZ, Cai HB, Ge ZM, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Patients with Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(8):1701–1708. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NM, Perrin J. Ethical issues in stem cell research and therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;5(4):85. doi:10.1186/scrt474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Union. Ethical considerations for clinical trials on medicinal products conducted with the paediatric population. Eur J Health Law. 2008;15(2):223–250. doi:10.1163/157180908X333228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popa-Wagner A, Buga AM, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM. Stem cell therapies in preclinical models of stroke associated with aging. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:347. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann DM, Popa-Wagner A, Kleinschnitz C, Doeppner TR. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their impact on drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2019;14(3):315–326. doi:10.1080/17460441.2019.1573984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpal A, Kremer KL, Hamilton-Bruce MA, et al. TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans): study protocol for evaluating safety and feasibility of autologous human adult dental pulp stem cell therapy in patients with chronic disability after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(5):575–585. doi:10.1177/1747493016641111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suda S, Nito C, Ihara M, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of JTR-161, allogeneic human dental pulp stem cells, in patients with Acute Ischaemic stRoke (J-REPAIR). BMJ Open. 2022;12(5):e054269. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054269
   PubMedGoogle Scholar