962
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A Narrative Review of Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: Molecular Mechanism, Risk Factors, and Management

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 211-219 | Published online: 08 Nov 2021

References

  • Maxfield FR, van Meer G. Cholesterol, the central lipid of mammalian cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22(4):422–429. doi:10.1016/J.CEB.2010.05.004
  • Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459. doi:10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHX144
  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):E1082–E1143. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
  • Ward NC, Watts GF, Eckel RH. Statin toxicity. Circ Res. 2019;124(2):328–350. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312782
  • Stancu C, Sima A. Statins: mechanism of action and effects. J Cellullar Me. 2001;5(4):378–387. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00172.x
  • Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society consensus panel statement on assessment, aetiology and management. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012–1022. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv043
  • Parker BA, Thompson PD. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle: exercise, myopathy, and muscle outcomes. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(4):188–194. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31826c169e
  • Torres PA, Helmstetter JA, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Ochsner J. 2015;15(1):58–69.
  • Zimmerman JL, Shen MC. Rhabdomyolysis. Chest. 2013;144(3):1058–1065. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2016
  • Berwanger O, Santucci EV, de Silva PGM, et al. Effect of loading dose of atorvastatin prior to planned percutaneous coronary intervention on major adverse cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome: the SECURE-PCI randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(13):1331–1340. doi:10.1001/JAMA.2018.2444
  • Giugliano RP, Wiviott SD, Blazing MA, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of achieving very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a prespecified analysis of the IMPROVE-IT trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(5):547–555. doi:10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2017.0083
  • Goss GD, Jonker DJ, Laurie SA, et al. A phase I study of high-dose rosuvastatin with standard dose erlotinib in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/S12967-016-0836-6
  • Haynes R, Jiang L, Hopewell JC. HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(17):1279–1291. doi:10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHT055
  • Abraldes JG, Villanueva C, Aracil C, et al. Addition of simvastatin to standard therapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding does not reduce rebleeding but increases survival in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(5):1160–1170.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.004
  • Wierzbicki A, Lumb PJ, Chik G. Comparison of therapy with simvastatin 80 mg and 120 mg in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;55(10):673–675.
  • Pose E, Napoleone L, Amin A, et al. Safety of two different doses of simvastatin plus rifaximin in decompensated cirrhosis (LIVERHOPE-SAFETY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(1):31–41. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30320-6
  • Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJP, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294(19):2437–2445. doi:10.1001/JAMA.294.19.2437
  • Shepherd J, Vidt DG, Miller E, Harris S, Blasetto J. Safety of rosuvastatin: update on 16,876 rosuvastatin-treated patients in a multinational clinical trial program. Cardiology. 2007;107(4):433–443. doi:10.1159/000100908
  • Drobný M, Pullmann R, Odalos I, Skerenova M, Sániova B. Incidence of skeletal muscle disorders after statins’ treatment: consequences in clinical and EMG picture. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2014;35(2):123–128.
  • Enger C, Gately R, Ming EE, Niemcryk SJ, Williams L, McAfee AT. Pharmacoepidemiology safety study of fibrate and statin concomitant therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(11):1594–1601. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.07.041
  • Cziraky MJ, Willey VJ, McKenney JM, et al. Risk of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis associated with lipid-lowering drugs in a real-world clinical setting. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7(2):102–108. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.06.006
  • Di Stasi SL, MacLeod TD, Winters JD, Binder-Macleod SA. Effects of statins on skeletal muscle: a perspective for physical therapists. Phys Ther. 2010;90(10):1530–1542. doi:10.2522/PTJ.20090251
  • Westwood FR, Bigley A, Randall K, Marsden AM, Scott RC. Statin-induced muscle necrosis in the rat: distribution, development, and fibre selectivity. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;33(2):246–257. doi:10.1080/01926230590908213
  • Mendes P, Robles PG, Mathur S. Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis: a comprehensive review of case reports. Physiother Can. 2014;66(2):124–132. doi:10.3138/ptc.2012-65
  • Tanaka S, Sakamoto K, Yamamoto M, et al. Mechanism of statin-induced contractile dysfunction in rat cultured skeletal myofibers. J Pharmacol Sci. 2010;114(4):454–463. doi:10.1254/JPHS.10229FP
  • Sakamoto K, Honda T, Yokoya S, Waguri S, Kimura J. Rab-small GTPases are involved in fluvastatin and pravastatin-induced vacuolation in rat skeletal myofibers. FASEB J. 2007;21(14):4087–4094. doi:10.1096/FJ.07-8713COM
  • Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors: drug–drug interactions and interindividual differences in transporter and metabolic enzyme functions. Pharmacol Ther. 2006;112(1):71–105. doi:10.1016/J.PHARMTHERA.2006.03.003
  • Knauer MJ, Urquhart BL, Schwabedissen HEM, et al. Human skeletal muscle drug transporters determine local exposure and toxicity of statins. Circ Res. 2010;106(2):297–306. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.203596
  • Omar MA, Wilson JP. FDA adverse event reports on statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36(2):288–295. doi:10.1345/aph.1A289
  • Ezad S, Cheema H, Collins N. Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis: a complication of a commonly overlooked drug interaction. Oxf Med Case Rep. 2018;2018(3):86–88. doi:10.1093/OMCR/OMX104
  • Rowan CG, Brunelli SM, Munson J, et al. Clinical importance of the drug interaction between statins and CYP3A4 inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study in The Health Improvement Network. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21(5):494–506. doi:10.1002/pds.3199
  • Yang BR, Seong JM, Choi NK, et al. Co-medication of statins with contraindicated drugs. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):1–11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125180
  • Danis R, Akbulut S, Ozmen S, Arikan S. Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure following fenofibrate therapy: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Med. 2010;2010:2–5. doi:10.1155/2010/537818
  • Wang D, Wang Y. Fenofibrate monotherapy-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with hypothyroidism. Med US. 2018;97(14):1–3. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010318
  • Newman CB, Preiss D, Tobert JA, et al. Statin safety and associated adverse events a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(2):E38–E81. doi:10.1161/ATV.0000000000000073
  • LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(14):1425–1435. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050461
  • Schech S, Graham D, Staffa J, et al. Risk factors for statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(3):352–358. doi:10.1002/pds.1287
  • Unnikrishnan D, Satish B. Exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient on statin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(1):244–247. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh578
  • Seachrist JL, Loi CM, Evans MG, Criswell KA, Rothwell CE. Roles of exercise and pharmacokinetics in cerivastatin-induced skeletal muscle toxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2005;88(2):551–561. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi305
  • Lenz TL, Lenz NJ, Faulkner MA. Potential interactions between exercise and drug therapy. Sports Med. 2004;34(5):293–306. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00002
  • Tietze DC, Borchers J. exertional rhabdomyolysis in the athlete: a clinical review. Sports Health. 2014;6(4):336–339. doi:10.1177/1941738114523544
  • Yoshizawa T, Omori K, Takeuchi I, et al. Heat stroke with bimodal rhabdomyolysis: a case report and review of the literature. J Intensive Care. 2016;4(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/s40560-016-0193-9
  • NIOSH. Prevention: rhabdomyolysis | NIOSH | CDC; 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/rhabdo/prevention.html. Accessed July 14, 2021.
  • Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: new restrictions, contraindications, and dose limitations for Zocor (simvastatin) to reduce the risk of muscle injury | FDA; 2021. Available fromhttps://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-new-restrictions-contraindications-and-dose-limitations-zocor. Accessed July 11, 2021.
  • Khalilieh S, Yee KL, Sanchez RI, et al. Results of a doravirine-atorvastatin drug-drug interaction study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(2):e01364–16. doi:10.1128/AAC.01364-16
  • Barry AR, Beach JE, Pearson GJ. Prevention and management of statin adverse effects: a practical approach for pharmacists. Can Pharm J. 2018;151(3):179–188. doi:10.1177/1715163518768534
  • Ballantyne CM, Corsini A, Davidson MH, et al. Risk for myopathy with statin therapy in high-risk patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(5):553–564. doi:10.1001/ARCHINTE.163.5.553
  • Koba S, Inoue I, Cyrille M, et al. Evolocumab vs. ezetimibe in statin-intolerant hyperlipidemic Japanese patients: phase 3 GAUSS-4 trial. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020;27(5):471–484. doi:10.5551/JAT.50963