Prevalence and Factors Associated with Dyslipidemia Among People Living with HIV/AIDS on Follow-Up Care at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Relation of high TG–low HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to the incidence of ischemic heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(6):1114–1120. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.17.6.1114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach F. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur HEART J. 2020;41(44):4255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirillo A, Casula M, Olmastroni E, Norata GD, Catapano AL. Global epidemiology of dyslipidaemias. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(10):689–700. doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00541-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain NEO, Ahmed MH. Managing dyslipidemia in HIV/AIDS patients: challenges and solutions. HIVAIDS Auckl NZ. 2015;7:1.
   Google Scholar
• Miners A, Sabin C, Trueman P, et al. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of HAART for adults with HIV in England: the cost-effectiveness of HAART. HIV Med. 2001;2(1):52–58. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1293.2001.00048.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggleton JS, Nagalli S. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022: Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554533/. Accessed March 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Dyslipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(1):10–14. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pao V, Lee GA, Grunfeld C. HIV therapy, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10(1):61–70. doi:10.1007/s11883-008-0010-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nsagha DS, Weledji EP, Assob NJC, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV/AIDS in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15(1):95. doi:10.1186/s12872-015-0090-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelliny C, William J, Riesen W, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Metabolic syndrome according to different definitions in a rapidly developing country of the African region. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008;7(1):27. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-7-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obsa MS, Ataro G, Awoke N, et al. Determinants of dyslipidemia in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;8. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.778891
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noubiap JJ, Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among adults in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(9):e998–e1007. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30275-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors. The Global Health Observatory; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed March 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulrahman A, Matthew F Coronary artery disease in HIV. American college of cardiology; 2018. Available from: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2018/01/18/08/57/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2flatest-in-cardiology%2farticles%2f2018%2f01%2f18%2f08%2f57%2fcoronary-artery-disease-in-hiv. Accessed March 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• So-Armah K, Freiberg MS. HIV and cardiovascular disease: update on clinical events, special populations, and novel biomarkers. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(3):233–244. doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0400-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney ER, Mallon PWG. HIV and HAART-associated dyslipidemia. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011;5:49–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ojong E, Iya B, Djeufouata J, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components among HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy and ART-naïve patients at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(1):410–417. doi:10.4314/ahs.v22i1.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilahun A, Chekol E, Teklemaryam AB, et al. Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia among HAART treated and HAART naive HIV positive clients attending Debre Tabor Hospital, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2022;8(11):e11342. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wankhade PS, Pedhambkar RB, Pagare RS, Pedhambkar BS. Prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia among male industrial workers in India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5(4):1458–1465. doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181217
   Google Scholar
• Tilahun H, Masyuko SJ, Mogaka JN, et al. Prevalence and correlates of dyslipidemia in HIV positive and negative adults in Western Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2021;100(10):e24800. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadewos A, Addis Z, Ambachew H, Banerjee S. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among HIV-infected patients using first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative group study. AIDS Res Ther. 2012;9(1):31. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-9-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel Seifu EB. Lipid profile derangements among human immunodeficiency virus infected adults receiving first line anti-retroviral therapy in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: comparative Cross-Sectional Study. J AIDS Clin Res. 2014;05(08). doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000328
   Google Scholar
• Bayenes HW, Ahmed MK, Shenkute TY, Ayenew YA, Bimerew LG. Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia on HAART and HAART naive HIV positive persons in Defense Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Am J Health Res. 2014;2(5):303. doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.23
   Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou DT, Nehumba D, Oktedalen O, et al. Changes in lipid profiles of HIV+ adults over nine months at a Harare HIV clinic: a longitudinal study. Biochem Res Int. 2016;2016:e3204818. doi:10.1155/2016/3204818
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sufa B, Abebe G, Cheneke W. Dyslipidemia and associated factors among women using hormonal contraceptives in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):120. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4148-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu X, Yu S, Mao Z, et al. Dyslipidemia prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors in Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):119. doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0768-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Najafipour H, Shokoohi M, Yousefzadeh G, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with other coronary artery disease risk factors among urban population in Southeast of Iran: results of the Kerman coronary artery disease risk factors study (KERCADRS). J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2016;15:49. doi:10.1186/s40200-016-0268-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dave JA, Levitt NS, Ross IL, Lacerda M, Maartens G, Blom D. Anti-retroviral therapy increases the prevalence of dyslipidemia in South African HIV-infected patients. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151911. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feingold KR. The effect of diet on cardiovascular disease and lipid and lipoprotein levels. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al. editors. Endotext. MDText.com, Inc; 2000: Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570127/. Accessed April 16, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Masson CJ, Mensink RP. Exchanging saturated fatty acids for (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a mixed meal may decrease postprandial lipemia and markers of inflammation and endothelial activity in overweight men1–3. J Nutr. 2011;141(5):816–821. doi:10.3945/jn.110.136432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ombeni W, Kamuhabwa AR. Lipid profile in HIV-infected patients using first-line antiretroviral drugs. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2016;15(2):164–171. doi:10.1177/2325957415614642
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekolo CE, Nguena MB, Ewane L, Bekoule PS, Kollo B. The lipid profile of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a rural Cameroonian population. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):236. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn P, Leite O, Rosales A, et al. Metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk factors among Latin American HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. Braz J Infect Dis off Publ Braz Soc Infect Dis. 2010;14(2):158–166. doi:10.1590/s1413-86702010000200008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limas TG, De, Pinto G, de A Marcato LM, Coelho DR. Analysis of the prevalence of dyslipidemia in individuals with HIV and its association with antiretroviral therapy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014;47(5):547–551. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0128-2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebreegziabiher G, Belachew T, Mehari K, Tamiru D. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among adult residents of Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0243103. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justina LBD, Luiz MC, Maurici R, Schuelter-Trevisol F. Prevalence and factors associated with lipodystrophy in AIDS patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014;47(1):30–37. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0240-2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Wang J, Wang Z, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected individuals in China. Medicine. 2015;94(48):e2201. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemal A, Teshome MS, Ahmed M, et al. Dyslipidemia and associated factors among adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in armed force comprehensive and specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. HIVAIDS Auckl NZ. 2020;12:221–231. doi:10.2147/HIV.S252391
   Google Scholar
• Fiseha T, Alemu W, Dereje H, Tamir Z, Gebreweld A. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in North Shewa, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe M, Kinde S, Belay G, et al. Antiretroviral treatment associated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia among HIV infected patients at Burayu Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):380. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pefura Yone EW, Betyoumin AF, Kengne AP, Kaze Folefack FJ, Ngogang J. First-line antiretroviral therapy and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV-1 in Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Ther. 2011;8:33. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-8-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Suarez-Lozano I, Teira R, et al. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk factor management in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with HAART in the Spanish VACH cohort. Open AIDS J. 2008;2:26–38. doi:10.2174/1874613600802010026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar