Symptom profiles of subsyndromal depression in disease clusters of diabetes, excess weight, and progressive cerebrovascular conditions: a promising new type of finding from a reliable innovation to estimate exhaustively specified multiple indicators–multiple causes (MIMIC) models

References

• Roose SP Devanand DP Treatment of mood disorders in late life Mann JJ McGrath PJ Roose SP Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders New York, NY Cambridge 2013 119 132
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA Late-life depression: rationalizing pharmacological treatment options Gerontology 2001 48 6 392 400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First MB Endicott J The diagnosis of mood disorders Mann JJ McGrath PJ Roose SP Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders New York, NY Cambridge 2013 7 19
   Google Scholar
• Devanand DP Nobler MS Singer T Is dysthymia a different disorder in the elderly? Am J Psychiatry 1994 151 11 1592 1599 7943446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devanand DP Adorno E Cheng J Late onset dysthymic disorder and major depression differ from early onset dysthymic disorder and major depression in elderly outpatients J Affect Disord 2004 78 3 259 267 15013252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher L Skaff MM Mullan JT Arean P Glasgow R Masharani U A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect, and diabetes distress in adults with Type 2 diabetes Diabet Med 2008 25 9 1096 1101 19183314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeks TW Vahia IV Lavretsky H Kulkarni G Jeste DV A tune in “a minor” can “b major”: a review of epidemiology, illness course, and public health implications of subthreshold depression in older adults J Affect Disord 2011 129 1–3 126 142 20926139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EH Katon W Von Korff M Effect of improving depression care on pain and functional outcomes among older adults with arthritis: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2003 290 18 2428 2429 14612479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuso-Mateos JL Nuevo R Verdes E Naidoo N Chatterji S From depressive symptoms to depressive disorders: the relevance of thresholds Br J Psychiatry 2010 195 5 365 371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastelum E Muskin PR Shapiro PA Depression in the context of physical illness Mann JJ McGrath PJ Roose SP Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders New York, NY Cambridge 2013 181 194
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez JS Safren SA Cagliero E Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity Diabetes Care 2007 30 9 2222 2227 17536067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez JS Peyrot M McCarl LA Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: a meta-analysis Diabetes Care 2008 31 12 2398 2403 19033420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esbitt SA Tanenbaum MA Gonzalez JS Disentangling clinical depression from diabetes-specific distress: making sense of the mess we’ve made Lloyd CE Pouwer F Hermans N Screening for Depression and Other Psychological Problems in Diabetes London Springer 2013 27 46
   Google Scholar
• Fisher L Gonzalez JS Polonsky WH The confusing tale of depression and distress in patients with diabetes: a call for greater clarity and precision Diabet Med 2014 31 7 764 772 24606397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher L Mullan JT Arean P Glasgow RE Hessler D Masharani U Diabetes distress and not clinical depression or depressive affect is associated with glycemic control in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses Diabetes Care 2010 33 23 28 19837786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwer F Beekman AT Nijpels G Rates and risks for co-morbid depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a community-based study Diabetologia 2003 46 7 892 898 12819896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo JJ Rabins PV Lyketsos CG Tien AY Anthony JC Depression without sadness: functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life J Am Geriatr Soc 1997 45 5 570 578 9158577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales HC Maixner DF Mellow AF Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005 13 2 88 98 15703317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan KRR Hays JC Blazer DG MRI-defined vascular depression Am J Psychiatry 1997 154 4 497 501 9090336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens DC Krishnan KR Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders: recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions Biol Psychiatry 1998 43 10 705 712 9606523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan KRR Steffens DC The pathophysiological basis of late-life depression Psychiatr Times 1998 15 2
   Google Scholar
• Slavich GM Irwin MR From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression Psychol Bull 2014 140 3 774 815 24417575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longstreth WT Diehr P Manolio TA Beauchamp NJ Jungreis CA Lefkowitz D Cluster analysis and patterns of findings on cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the elderly Arch Neurol 2001 58 635 640 11295995
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor WD MacFall JR Provenzale JM Serial MR imaging of volumes of hyperintense white matter lesions in elderly patients Am J Roentgenol 2003 181 571 576 12876050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens DC Krishnan KRR Crump C Burke GL Cerebrovascular disease and the evolution of depressive symptoms in the Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke 2002 33 1636 1644 12053004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronow WS Ahn C Risk factors for new atherothrombotic brain infarction in older Hispanic men and women J Gerontol 2002 57 1 M61 M63
   Google Scholar
• Kirpichnikov D Sowers JR Diabetes mellitus and diabetes-associated vascular disease Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001 12 5 225 230 11397648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart R Liolitsa D Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment, and dementia Diabet Med 1999 16 2 93 112 10229302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmer RA Gunderson EP Barrett-Connor E Quesenberry CPJr Yaffe K Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study BMJ 2005 330 7504 1360 15863436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB Wolf PA Benjamin EJ Levy D Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates Am J Cardiol 1998 82 8A 2N 9N
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM Role of insulin resistance in human disease Diabetes 1988 37 1595 1607 3056758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusisto J Mykkänen L Pyörälä K Laakso M NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects Diabetes 1994 43 960 967 8039603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okosun IS Chandra KMD Choi S Christman J Dever GE Prewitt TE Hypertension and type 2 diabetes comorbidity in adults in the United States: risk of overall and regional adiposity Obes Res 2001 9 1 1 9 11346661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esser N Legrand-Poels S Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014 105 2 141 150 24798950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemche E Brammer MJ David AS Interoceptive-reflective regions differentiate alexithymia traits in depersonalization disorder Psychiat Res 2013 214 1 66 72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todarello O Taylor GJ Parker JDA Fanelli M Alexithymia in essential hypertensive and psychiatric outpatients: a comparative study J Psychosom Res 1995 39 8 987 994 8926608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jula A Salminen JK Saarijärvi S Alexithymia: a facet of essential hypertension Hypertension 1999 33 4 1057 1061 10205248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe HJ Schwahn C Barnow S Alexithymia, hypertension, and subclinical atherosclerosis in the general population J Psychosom Res 2010 68 2 139 147 20105696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzi L Bitsios P Solidaki E Type 1 diabetes is associated with alexithymia in nondepressed, non-mentally ill diabetic patients: a case-control study J Psychosom Res 2009 67 4 307 313 19773023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Housiaux M Luminet O VanBroeck N Dorchy H Alexithymia is associated with glycaemic control of children with type1 diabetes Diabetes Metab 2010 36 6 pt 1 455 462 20863735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luminet O de Timary P Buysschaert M Luts A The role of alexithymia factors in glucose control of persons with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study Diabetes Metab 2006 32 417 424 17110896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier J Dorchy H Luminet O Does family cohesiveness and parental alexithymia predict glycaemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes? Diabetes Metab 2008 34 5 473 481 18783976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topsever P Filiz TM Salman S Alexithymia in diabetes mellitus Scott Med J 2006 51 15 20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen JK van Striena T Eisingac R Engels RCME Gender differences in the association between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese individuals J Psychosom Res 2006 60 237 243 16516654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faccioli J Guinzbourg M Alvarez A Finkelsztein C Job A Litwak L Diabetes, alexithymia and depression Vertex 2012 23 106 433 438 23979553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hintistan S Cilingir D Birinci N Alexithymia among elderly patients with diabetes Pak J Med Sci 2013 29 6 1344 1348 24550950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemche AV Chaban OS Lemche E Alexithymia as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study Psychiatry Res 2014 215 2 438 443 24388726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalletta G Pasini A Costa A Alexithymic features in stroke: effects of laterality and gender Psychosom Med 2001 63 944 950 11719633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossu P Salani F Cacciari C Disease outcome, alexithymia, and depression are differently associated with serum IL-18 levels in acute stroke Curr Neurovasc Res 2009 6 3 163 170 19534720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bylsma LM Morris BH Rottenberg J A meta-analysis of emotional reactivity in major depressive disorder Clin Psychol Rev 2008 28 4 676 691 18006196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bylsma LM Rottenberg J Uncovering the dynamics of emotion regulation and dysfunction in daily life with ecological momentary assessment Nyklicek I Vingerhoets AJJM Zeelenberg M Emotion Regulation and Well-being: Part 3 New York Springer 2011 225 244
   Google Scholar
• Peeters F Nicolson NA Berkhof J Delespaul P deVries M Effects of daily events on mood states in major depressive disorder J Abnorm Psychol 2003 112 2 203 211 12784829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg J Kasch KL Gross JJ Gotlib IH Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder Emotion 2002 2 135 146 12899187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papassotiropoulos A Heun R Maier W The impact of dementia on the detection of depression in elderly subjects from the general population Psychol Med 1999 29 1 113 120 10077299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx BWJH Guralnik JM Bandeen-Roche K The protective effect of emotional vitality on adverse health outcomes in disabled older women J Am Geriatr Soc 2000 48 1359 1366 11083309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JO Wallace RB Ostfeld AM Blazer DG Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, 1981–1993: [East Boston, Massachusetts, Iowa and Washington Counties, Iowa, New Haven, Connecticut, and North Central North Carolina] 3rd ICPSR version ed Bethesda, MD National Institute on Aging 1997 Ann Arbor, MI Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 1998
   Google Scholar
• Boyd JH Weissman MM Screening for depression in a community sample Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982 39 1195 1200 7125849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hybels CF Blazer DG Pieper CF Toward a threshold for subthreshold depression: an analysis of correlates of depression by severity of symptoms using data from an elderly community sample Gerontologist 2001 41 3 357 365 11405433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein RL Koenig HG The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale: assessment of depression in the medically ill elderly Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997 12 4 436 446 9178047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS Meyers BS Young RC Kakuma T Silbersweig D Charlson M Clinically defined vascular depression Am J Psychiatry 1997 154 4 562 565 9090349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Extermann M Overcash J Lyman GH Parr J Balducci L Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients J Clin Oncol 1998 16 4 1582 1587 9552069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MD Paradis CF Houck PR Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale Psychiatry Res 1992 41 237 248 1594710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM Farmer ME Blazer DG Chronic conditions Cornoni-Huntley J Blazer DG Lafferty ME Everett DF Brock DB Farmer ME Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (Volume II): Resource Data Book Bethesda, MD National Institute on Aging 1990 95 128
   Google Scholar
• Bassuk SS Berkman LF Wypij D Depressive symptomatology and incident cognitive decline in an elderly community sample Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998 55 12 1073 1081 9862549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup-Benham CA Markides KS Black SA Goodwin JS Relationship between low blood pressure and depressive symptomatology in older people J Am Geriatr Soc 2000 48 3 250 255 10733049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palta M Prineas RJ Berman R Hannan P Comparison of self-reported and measured height and weight Am J Epidemiol 1982 115 223 230 7058781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén LK Muthén BO Mplus User’s Guide 5th ed Los Angeles Muthén and Muthén 1998–2007
   Google Scholar
• Kenny David A website on the Internet Identification 2012 Available from: http://davidakenny.net/cm/identify_formal.htm#B3b Accessed September 3, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Christensen H Jorm AF Mackinnon AJ Age differences in depression and anxiety symptoms: a structural equation modelling analysis of data from a general population sample Psychol Med 1999 29 325 339 10218924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson DA Mackinnon A Jorm AF Creasey H Broe GA Item bias in the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale: effects of physical disorders and disability in an elderly community sample J Gerontol 2000 55B 5 273 282
   Google Scholar
• Radloff LS The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population Appl Psychol Meas 1977 1 385 401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black SA Markides KS Ray LA Depression predicts increases incidence of adverse health outcomes in older Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2003 26 10 2822 2828 14514586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan A Keum N Okereke OI Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies Diabetes Care 2012 35 5 1171 1180 22517938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppino FS de Wit LM Bouvy PF Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010 67 3 220 229 20194822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katon W Von Korff M Ciechanowski P Behavioral and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes Diabetes Care 2004 27 914 920 15047648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW Armenian H Gallo J Pratt L Ford D Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes: a prospective population-based study Diabetes Care 1996 19 4 1097 1102 8886555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot M Anderson R Freedland KE Clouse RE Lustman PJ Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis Psychosom Med 2001 63 4 619 630 11485116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustman PJ Anderson RJ Freedland KE de Groot M Carney RM Clouse RE Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature Diabetes Care 2000 23 7 934 942 10895843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKellar JD Humphreys K Piette JD Depression increases diabetes symptoms by complicating patients’ self-care adherence Diabetes Educ 2004 30 3 485 492 15208846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk BR Gschwandtner ME Mauerhofer M Löffler-Stastka H Can we clinically recognize a vascular depression? Medicine 2015 94 18 e743 25950684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL Akiskal HS Paulus MP The role and clinical significance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in unipolar major depressive disorder J Affect Disord 1997 45 1–2 5 18 9268771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL Rapaport MH Paulus MP Brown JL Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood disorder? J Clin Psychiatry 1994 55 Suppl 18 28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babyak MA What you see may not be what you get: a brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models Psychosom Med 2004 66 3 411 421 15184705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedland KE Carney RM Depression and medical illness Gotlib IH Hammen CL Handbook of Depression 3rd ed New York, NY Guilford 2014 5 22
   Google Scholar
• Franse LV Di Bari M Shorr RI Type 2 diabetes in older well-functioning people: who is undiagnosed? Data from the health, aging, and body composition study Diabetes Care 2001 24 12 2065 2070 11723084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciechanowski P Katon W Russo J Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function and costs Arch Intern Med 2000 160 21 3278 3285 11088090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus M Wing R Guare J Blair EH Jawad A Lifetime prevalence of depression and its effect on treatment outcome in obese type 2 diabetic patients Diabetes Care 1992 15 2 253 255 1547681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmers KF Mente A Alexithymia and health behaviors in healthy male volunteers J Psychosom Res 1999 47 6 635 645 10661609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar