Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis

References

• Farr OM Gavrieli A Mantzoros CS Leptin applications in 2015: what have we learned about leptin and obesity? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015 22 5 353 359 26313897
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang N Sun R Sun Q Leptin signaling molecular actions and drug target in hepatocellular carcinoma Drug Des Devel Ther 2014 8 2295 2302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morioka T Mori K Motoyama K Emoto M Ectopic fat accumulation and glucose homeostasis: role of leptin in glucose and lipid metabolism and mass maintenance in skeletal muscle Inaba M Musculoskeletal Disease Associated with Diabetes Mellitus Tokyo Springer Japan 2016 201 213
   Google Scholar
• Banks WA William A Role of the blood-brain barrier in the evolution of feeding and cognition Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012 1264 1 13 19 22612379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malli F Papaioannou AI Gourgoulianis KI Daniil Z The role of leptin in the respiratory system: an overview Respir Res 2010 11 1 152 21040518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan G Ponmurugan P Deepa MA Senthilkumar B Anti-obesity action of gingerol: effect on lipid profile, insulin, leptin, amylase and lipase in male obese rats induced by a high-fat diet J Sci Food Agric 2014 94 14 2972 2977 24615565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz-Filho G Mastronardi CA Licinio J Leptin treatment: facts and expectations Metabolism 2015 64 1 146 156 25156686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbarash O Gruzdeva O Uchasova E The role of adipose tissue and adipokines in the manifestation of type 2 diabetes in the long-term period following myocardial infarction Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016 8 1 24 26989445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingalls AM Dickie MM Snell GD Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse J Hered 1950 41 12 317 318 14824537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman DL Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice Diabetologia 1973 9 4 294 298 4767369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y Proenca R Maffei M Barone M Leopold L Friedman JM Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 1994 372 6505 425 432 7984236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczesna M Zieba DA Phenomenon of leptin resistance in seasonal animals: the failure of leptin action in the brain Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015 52 60 70 25863197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crujeiras AB Carreira MC Cabia B Andrade S Amil M Casanueva FF Leptin resistance in obesity: an epigenetic landscape Life Sci 2015 140 57 63 25998029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosteli A Sugaru E Haemmerle G Weight loss and lipolysis promote a dynamic immune response in murine adipose tissue J Clin Invest 2010 120 10 3466 3479 20877011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine RV Considine EL Williams CJ Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity J Clin Invest 1995 95 6 2986 2988 7769141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi Y Funahashi T Tanaka S High expression of leptin receptor mRNA in breast cancer tissue predicts poor prognosis for patients with high, but not low, serum leptin levels Int J Cancer 2006 118 6 1414 1419 16206269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpeläinen TO Carli JF Skowronski AA Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels Nat Commun 2016 7 1 10494 26833098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch CE Lowe C Pretz D Steger J Williams LM Tups A High-fat diet induces leptin resistance in leptin-deficient mice J Neuroendocrinol 2014 26 2 58 67 24382295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooqi IS O’Rahilly S 20 years of leptin: human disorders of leptin action J Endocrinol 2014 223 1 T63 T70 25232148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada N Hirako S Takenoya F Kageyama H Okabe M Shioda S Leptin and its receptors J Chem Neuroanat 2014 61–62 191 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y Rui L Leptin signaling and leptin resistance Front Med 2013 7 2 207 222 23580174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers MG Münzberg H Leinninger GM Leshan RL The geometry of leptin action in the brain: more complicated than a simple ARC Cell Metabolism 2009 9 2 117 123 19187770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-Y Muenzberg H Gavrilova O Loss of cytokine-STAT5 signaling in the CNS and pituitary gland alters energy balance and leads to obesity PLoS One 2008 3 2 e1639 18286195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers MG Cowley MA Münzberg H Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance Annu Rev Physiol 2008 70 1 537 556 17937601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzberg H Flier JS Bjørbæk C Region-specific leptin resistance within the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice Endocrinology 2004 145 11 4880 4889 15271881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aw X Ste-Marie L Kaelin CB Barsh GS Inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons causes decreased POMC expression, mild obesity, and defects in compensatory refeeding Endocrinology 2007 148 1 72 80 17023536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørbæk C Lavery HJ Bates SH SOCS3 mediates feedback inhibition of the leptin receptor via Tyr985 J Biol Chem 2000 275 51 40649 40657 11018044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabolotny JM Bence-Hanulec KK Stricker-Krongrad A PTP1B regulates leptin signal transduction in vivo Dev Cell 2002 2 4 489 495 11970898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro A Mattace Raso G Meli R Drug targeting of leptin resistance Life Sci 2015 140 64 74 26071010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maness LM Banks WA Kastin AJ Persistence of blood-to-brain transport of leptin in obese leptin-deficient and leptin receptor-deficient mice Brain Res 2000 873 1 165 167 10915826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzoros CS The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence Ann Intern Med 1999 130 8 671 680 10215564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott MM Lachey JL Sternson SM Leptin targets in the mouse brain J Comp Neurol 2009 514 5 518 532 19350671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MW Seeley RJ The new biology of body weight regulation J Am Diet Assoc 1997 97 1 54 58 8990418
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gautron L Elmquist JK Sixteen years and counting: an update on leptin in energy balance J Clin Invest 2011 121 6 2087 2093 21633176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris DL Rui L Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009 297 6 E1247 E1259 19724019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A Mechanisms of leptin resistance revealed Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018 14 11 628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei H Okano HJ Li C Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 94 13 7001 7005 9192681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wabitsch M Funcke JB Lennerz B Biologically inactive leptin and early-onset extreme obesity N Engl J Med 2015 372 1 48 54 25551525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman J 20 years of leptin: leptin at 20: an overview J Endocrinol 2014 223 1 T1 T8 25121999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chumakova GA Ott AV Veselovskaya NG Gritsenko OV Shenkova NN Pathogenetic mechanisms of leptin resistance Russ J Cardiol 2015 4 4 107 110
   Google Scholar
• Tartaglia LA Dembski M Weng X Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R Cell 1995 83 7 1263 1271 8548812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtkamp K Hebebrand J Mika C Heer M Heussen N Herpertz-Dahlmann B High serum leptin levels subsequent to weight gain predict renewed weight loss in patients with anorexia nervosa Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004 29 6 791 797 15110928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philbrick KA Wong CP Branscum AJ Turner RT Iwaniec UT Leptin stimulates bone formation in ob/ob mice at doses having minimal impact on energy metabolism J Endocrinol 2017 232 3 461 474 28057869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainardi M Pizzorusso T Maffei M Environment, leptin sensitivity, and hypothalamic plasticity Neural Plasticity 2013 2013 6778 1 8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AA Deconstructing Normal: Leptin Variation Across and Within Population dissertation Accra Northwestern University 2013
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y Ren J Leptin and obesity Obesity Switzerland Springer International Publishing 2016 45 58
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Carter D Goode AE Fiammengo R Dunlop IE Dexter DT Porter AE Inhibition of Leptin-ObR interaction does not prevent leptin translocation across a human blood-brain barrier model. J Neuroendocrinol 2016 28 6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Git KCG Adan RAH Leptin resistance in diet-induced obesity: the role of hypothalamic inflammation Obes Rev 2015 16 3 207 224 25589226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matarese G La Cava A Sanna V Balancing susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity: a role for leptin? Trends Immunol 2002 23 4 182 187 11923112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattace Raso G Simeoli R Russo R Effects of sodium butyrate and its synthetic amide derivative on liver inflammation and glucose tolerance in an animal model of steatosis induced by high fat diet PLoS One 2013 8 7 e68626 23861927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman JM Halaas JL Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals Nature 1998 395 6704 763 770 9796811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman RE Puder JJ Xiao E Freda PU Ferin M Wardlaw SL Endotoxin stimulates leptin in the human and nonhuman primate J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 88 3 1285 1291 12629120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koç E Üstündag G Aliefendioğlu D Ergenekon E Bideci A Atalay Y Scrum leptin levels and their relationship to tumor necrosis factor« and interleukin-6 in neonatal sepsis J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003 16 9 1283 1287 14714752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y Proenca R Maffei M Barone M Leopold L Friedman JM Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 1994 372 6505 425 432 7984236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord GM Matarese G Howard JK Lechler RI The bioenergetics of the immune system Science 2001 292 5518 855 856 11341277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooqi IS Matarese G Lord GM Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency J Clin Invest 2002 110 8 1093 1103 12393845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer-Posovszky P von Schnurbein J Moepps B A new mis-sense mutation in the leptin gene causes mild obesity and hypogonadism without affecting T cell responsiveness J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 6 2836 2840 20382689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozata M Ozdemir IC Licinio J Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defects J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 84 10 3686 3695 10523015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducy P Amling M Takeda S Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass Cell 2000 100 197 207 10660043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarasheski KE Zachwieja JJ Horgan MM Powderly WG Santiago JV Landt M Serum leptin concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with low adiposity Metabolism 1997 46 3 303 305 9054474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cava AL Matarese G The weight of leptin in immunity Nate Rev Immunol 2004 4 5 371 379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldefie-Chezet F Poulin A Vasson M-P Leptin regulates functional capacities of polymorphonuclear neutrophils Free Radic Res 2003 37 8 809 814 14567439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y Sun R You L Gao C Tian Z Expression of leptin receptors and response to leptin stimulation of human natural killer cell lines Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003 300 2 247 252 12504075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzoros CS The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence Ann Intern Med 1999 130 8 671 680 10215564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpace PJ Zhang Y Leptin resistance: a prediposing factor for diet-induced obesity Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009 296 3 R493 R500 19091915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posey KA Clegg DJ Printz RL Hypothalamic proinflammatory lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009 296 5 E1003 E1012 19116375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubiría MG Vidal-Bravo J Spinedi E Giovambattista A Relationship between impaired adipogenesis of retroperitoneal adipose tissue and hypertrophic obesity: role of endogenous glucocorticoid excess J Cell Mol Med 2014 18 8 1549 1561 24913911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman Khan A Awan FR Leptin resistance: a possible interface between obesity and pulmonary-related disorders Int J Endocrinol Metab 2016 14 1 e32586 27279832
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Münzberg H Heymsfield SB Leptin, obesity, and leptin resistance Dagogo-Jack S Leptin Cham Springer International Publishing 2015 67 78
   Google Scholar
• Lönnqvist F Arner P Nordfors L Schalling M Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects Nat Med 1995 1 9 950 953 7585223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silha J Krsek M Skrha J Sucharda P Nyomba BL Murphy LJ Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance Eur J Endocrinol 2003 149 4 331 335 14514348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravussin Y LeDuc CA Watanabe K Effects of chronic leptin infusion on subsequent body weight and composition in mice: can body weight set point be reset? Mol Metab 2014 3 4 432 440 24944902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaab M Kratzsch J The soluble leptin receptor Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015 29 5 661 670 26522452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groba C Mayerl S van Mullem AA Hypothyroidism compromises hypothalamic leptin signaling in mice Mol Endocrinol 2013 27 4 586 597 23518925
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nejati-Koshki K Akbarzadeh A Pourhasan-Moghaddam M Abhari A Dariushnejad H Inhibition of leptin and leptin receptor gene expression by silibinincurcumin combination Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013 14 11 6595 6599
   Google Scholar
• de Queiroz KB Guimarães JB Coimbra CC Endurance training increases leptin expression in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of rats fed with a high-sugar diet Lipids 2014 49 1 85 96 24243000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lana A Valdés-Bécares A Buño A Rodríguez-Artalejo F Lopez-Garcia E Serum leptin concentration is associated with incident frailty in older adults Aging Dis 2017 8 2 240 249 28400989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J Scarpace PJ The soluble leptin receptor neutralizes leptin-mediated STAT3 signalling and anorexic responses in vivo Br J Pharmacol 2009 158 2 475 482 19422379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranowska-Bik A Bik W Styczynska M Plasma leptin levels and free leptin index in women with Alzheimer’s disease Neuropeptides 2015 52 73 78 26070219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizk NM Sharif E Leptin as well as free leptin receptor is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in young women Int J Endocrinol 2015 2015 1 1 10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquier M Soula HA Crauste F A mathematical model of leptin resistance Math Biosci 2015 267 10 23 26116428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murugesan D Arunachalam T Ramamurthy V Subramanian S Association of polymorphisms in leptin receptor gene with obesity and type 2 diabetes in the local population of Coimbatore Indian J Hum Genet 2010 16 72 77 21031055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerra B Ponce-González JG Morales-Alamo D Leptin signaling in skeletal muscle after bed rest in healthy humans Eur J Appl Physiol 2014 114 2 345 357 24292882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruzdeva O Uchasova E Dyleva Y Relationships between epicardial adipose tissue thickness and adipofibrokine indicator profiles post-myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018 17 1 40 29548286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar