Anthropometric variables as cardiovascular risk predictors in a cohort of adult subjects with Turner syndrome

References

• Álvarez-Nava F , Soto M , Sánchez MA , Fernández E , Lanes R . Molecular analysis in Turner syndrome. J Pediatr . 2003;142:336–340. doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.95 12640385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH , Andersen NH , Conway GS , et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 cincinnati international turner syndrome meeting. Eur J Endocrinol . 2017;177:G1–G70. doi:10.1530/EJE-17-0430 28705803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldin AD , Armani MC , Morcillo AM , et al. Body proportions in a group of Brazilian patients with Turner syndrome. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol . 2005;49:529–535. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302005000400010 16358081
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gravholt CH , Hjerrild BE , Mosekilde L , et al. Body composition is distinctly altered in Turner syndrome: relations to glucose metabolism, circulating adipokines, and endothelial adhesion molecules. Eur J Endocrinol . 2006;155:583–592. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02267 16990658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holl RW , Kunze D , Etzrodt H , et al. Turner syndrome: final height, glucose tolerance, bone density and psychosocial status in 25 adult patients. Eur J Pediatr . 1994;153:11. doi:10.1007/BF02000780 8313917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isojima T , Yokoya S , Ito J , Horikawa R , Tanaka T . Inconsistent determination of overweight by two anthropometric indices in girls with Turner syndrome. Acta Paediatr . 2009;98:513–518. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01132.x 19021594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen KH , Andersen NH , Gravholt CH . Cardiovascular phenotype in Turner syndrome-integrating cardiology, genetics, and endocrinology. Endocr Rev . 2012;33:677–714. doi:10.1210/er.2011-1059 22707402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Nava F , Lanes R , Quintero JM , et al. Effect of the parental origin of the X-chromosome on the clinical features, associated complications, the two-year-response to growth hormone (rhGH) and the biochemical profile in patients with Turner syndrome. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol . 2013;2013:10. doi:10.1186/1687-9856-2013-10 23731950
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirgon Ö, Atabek ME, Oran B, Güçlü R. Atherogenic Lipid Profile and Systolic Blood Pressure are Associated with Carotid Artery Intima-media Thickness in Children with Turner Syndrome. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2008;1:62–71. doi:10.4008/jcrpe.v1i2.9
   Google Scholar
• Schoemaker MJ , Swerdlow AJ , Higgins CD , Wright AF , Jacobs PA . Mortality in women with Turner syndrome in great Britain: A National Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2008;93:4735–4742. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stochholm K , Juul S , Juel K , Naeraa RW , Højbjerg Gravholt C . Prevalence, incidence, diagnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2006;91:3897–3902. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavinkurve M , O’Gorman CS . Cardiometabolic and vascular risks in young and adolescent girls with Turner syndrome. BBA Clin . 2015;3:304–309. doi:10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.04.005 26673162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebenthal Y , Levy S , Sofrin-Drucker E , et al. The natural history of metabolic comorbidities in turner syndrome from childhood to early adulthood: comparison between 45,X monosomy and other karyotypes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2018;9:27. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00027 29479339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman CS , Syme C , Lang J , Bradley TJ , Wells GD , Hamilton JK . An evaluation of early cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) . 2013;78:907–913. doi:10.1111/cen.12079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcaterra V , Brambilla P , Maffè GC , et al. Metabolic syndrome in Turner syndrome and relation between body composition and clinical, genetic, and ultrasonographic characteristics. Metab Syndr Relat Disord . 2014;12:159–164. doi:10.1089/met.2013.0075 24447068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM , Brewer HB Jr , Cleeman JI , Smith SC , Lenfant C Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation . 2004;109:433–438. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6.14744958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Márquez-Sandoval F , Macedo-Ojeda G , Viramontes-Hörner D , et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Latin America: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr . 2011;14:1702–1713. doi:10.1017/S1368980010003320 21486521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsheikh M , Dunger DB , Conway GS , Wass JAH . Turner’s syndrome in adulthood. Endocr Rev . 2002;23:120–140. doi:10.1210/edrv.23.1.0457 11844747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle GD , Allen JR , Humphries IR , et al. Body composition assessment by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in subjects aged 4 ± 26 y. Am J Clin Nutr . 1995;61:746–753. doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.4.746 7702015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyward V . ASEP methods recommendation: body composition assessment. J Exerc Physiol . 2001;4:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Alberti KGMMG , Zimmet P , Shaw J . Metabolic syndrome - a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabet Med . 2006;23:469–480. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x 16681555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park E . Body shape in Turner’s syndrome. Hum Biol . 1977;49:215–223.873486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varrela J , Vinkka H , Alvesalo L . The phenotype of 45,X females: an anthropometric quantification. Ann Hum Biol . 1984;11:53–66.6703644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Blanco M, Macías-Tomei C, Izaguirre-Espinoza I, et al. Evaluation of the maturation In editors, López-Blanco M , Landaeta-Jiménez M . Growth and Development Manual . 1st ed. ch. 6. Venezuelan Society of Pediatrics and Child Care. Caracas FUNDACREDESA 1991:975. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Ostberg JE , Thomas EL , Hamilton G , et al. Excess visceral and hepatic adipose tissue in Turner syndrome determined by magnetic resonance imaging: Estrogen deficiency associated with hepatic adipose content. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2005;90:2631–2635. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Armani MC, Baldin AD, Lemos-Marini SH, Baptista MT, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Junior G. Evaluation of insulin resistance and lipid profile in Turner syndrome. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2005;49:278–285. doi:/S0004-27302005000200015.
   Google Scholar
• Garden S , Diver MJ , Fraser WD . Undiagnosed morbidity in adult women with Turner’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) . 1996;45:589–593. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.00849.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van PL , Bakalov VK , Bondy CA . Monosomy for the X-chromosome is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2006;91:2867–2870. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florez H , Silva E , Fernández V , et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in White, Black Amerindian and Mixed Hispanics in Zulia State, Venezuela. Diabetes Res Clini Pract . 2005;69:63–77. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landin-Wilhelmsen K , Bryman I , Cardiac Malformations WL , Hypertension B . Not metabolic risk factors, are common in turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2001;86:4166–4170. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz AM , Velásquez CM , Bedoya G . Cardio-metabolic parameters are associated with genetic admixture estimates in a pediatric population from Colombia. BMC Genet . 2016;17:93. doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0402-5 27350247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson KM , Lindblad U , Ågren B , Nilsson-Ehle P , Råstam L . Associations between body height, body composition and cholesterol levels in middle aged men. The coronary risk factor study in southern Sweden (CRISS). Eur J Epidemiol . 2001;17:521–526.11949723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyamdorj R , Qiao Q , Söderberg S , et al. Comparison of body mass index with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-stature ratio as a predictor of hypertension incidence in Mauritius. J Hypertens . 2008;26:866–870. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f624b7 18398327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez G , Duval S , Jacobs DR Jr. , Silventoinen K . Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Rev . 2007;29:115–128. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm008 17494056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwell S , Gibson M . Waist to height ratio is a simple and effective obesity screening tool for cardiovascular risk factors: analysis of data from the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of adults aged 19–64 years. Obes Facts . 2009;2:97–103. doi:10.1159/000203363 20054212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berber A , Gómez-Santos R , Fanghänel G , Sánchez-Reyes L . Anthropometric indexes in the prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in a Mexican population. Int J Obes Relat Metabol Disord . 2001;25:1794–1799. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre PF , Coca A , Aguirre MF , et al. Waist-to-height ratio and sedentary lifestyle as predictors of metabolic syndrome in children in Ecuador. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc . 2017:S1889-1837(17)30079-X. doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2017.09.002.
   Google Scholar
• Bermúdez V , Salazar J , Rojas J , et al. Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose prediction using anthropometric indices in adults from Maracaibo City, Venezuela. J Community Health . 2016;41:1223–1233. doi:10.1007/s10900-016-0209-3 27315803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J . Waist circumference: a simple, inexpensive, and reliable tool that should be included as part of physical examinations in the doctor’s office. Am J Clinical Nutr . 2003;78:902–903. doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.5.902 14594773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron-Pimblett A , La Rosa C , King TFJ , et al. The Turner syndrome life course project: karyotype-phenotype analyses across the lifespan. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) . 2017;87:532–538. doi:10.1111/cen.13394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakalov VK , Cheng C , Zhou J , Bondy CA . X-chromosome gene dosage and the risk of diabetes in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2009;94:3289–3296. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irzyniec TJ , Jeż W . The influence of hormonal replacement and growth hormone treatment on the lipids in Turner syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol . 2014;30:250–253. doi:10.3109/09513590.2013.872236 24400597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar