5,048
Views
269
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspectives

How Western Diet And Lifestyle Drive The Pandemic Of Obesity And Civilization Diseases

ORCID Icon
Pages 2221-2236 | Published online: 24 Oct 2019

References

  • Fung J , Berger A . Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance: scope of the problem. J Insulin Resist . 2016;1(1):1–6. doi:10.4102/jir.v1i1.18
  • Carrera-Bastos P , Fontes-Villalba M , O’Keefe JH . The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Res Rep Clin Cardiol . 2011;2:15–35.
  • Trnovec T , Cook T , Kahayová K , Nyulassy S . Civilization as a threat to human health? Cent Eur J Public Health . 2001;9(1):49–52.11243593
  • Cordain L , Eaton SB , Sebastian A , et al. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr . 2005;81(2):341–354. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 15699220
  • O’Dea K , White NG , Sinclair AJ . An investigation of nutrition-related risk factors in an isolated Aboriginal community in northern Australia: advantages of a traditionally-orientated life-style. Med J Aust . 1988;148:177–180.3277018
  • Lindeberg S , Eliasson M , Lindahl B , Ahrén B . Low serum insulin in traditional Pacific Islanders – the Kitava study. Metabolism . 1999;4:1216–1219. doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90258-5
  • Eaton SB , Konner M , Shostak M . Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med . 1988;84:739–749. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90113-1 3135745
  • O’Dea K . Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle. Diabetes . 1984;33:596. doi:10.2337/diab.33.6.596 6373464
  • Lindeberg S , Jönsson T , Granfeldt Y , et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia . 2007;50(9):1795–1807. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y 17583796
  • Gurven M , Kaplan H . Longevity among hunter-gatherers: a cross-cultural examination. Popul Dev Rev . 2007;33:321–365. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x
  • O’Keefe JH , Cordain L . Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer. Mayo Clin Proc . 2004;79(1):101–108. doi:10.4065/79.1.101 14708953
  • Eaton SB , Konner M . Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med . 1985;312:283–289. doi:10.1056/NEJM198501313120505 2981409
  • Rendel JM . The time scale of genetic changes In: Boyden SV , editor. The Impact of Civilization on the Biology of Man . Canberry: Australian National University Press; 1970:27–47.
  • Cordain L , Miller JB , Eaton SB , Mann N , Holt SAH , Speth JD . Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr . 2000;71:682–692. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.3.682 10702160
  • Garn SM . What did our ancestors eat? Nutr Rev . 1989;47:337–345. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02765.x 2689923
  • Wolever TM , Bolognesi C . Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. J Nutr . 1996;126(11):2807–2812. doi:10.1093/jn/126.11.2807 8914952
  • Björk I , Liljeberg H , Östan E . Low-glycemic index foods. Br J Nutr . 2000;83(Suppl 1):S149–S155. doi:10.1017/s0007114500001094 10889806
  • Hoppe C , Mølgaard C , Vaag A , Barkholt V , Michaelsen KF . High intakes of milk, but not meat, increase s-insulin and insulin resistance in 8-year-old boys. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2005;59(3):393–398. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602086 15578035
  • Ostman EM , Liljeberg Elmståhl HG , Björck IM . Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products. Am J Clin Nutr . 2001;74:96–100. doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.1.96 11451723
  • Gómez Candela C , Bermejo López LM , Loria Kohen V . Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: nutritional recommendations. Nutr Hosp . 2011;26(2):323–329. doi:10.1590/S0212-16112011000200013 21666970
  • Simopoulos AP . An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients . 2016;8(3):128. doi:10.3390/nu8030128 26950145
  • DiNicolantonio JJ , O’Keefe JH . Omega-6 vegetable oils as a driver of coronary heart disease: the oxidized linoleic acid hypothesis. Open Heart . 2018;5(2):e000898. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000898 30364556
  • Manson JE , Cook NR , Lee IM ; VITAL Research Group, et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. N Engl J Med . 2019;380(1):23–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811403 30415637
  • Gough DR , Cotter TG . Hydrogen peroxide: a Jekyll and Hyde signaling molecule. Cell Death Dis . 2011;2:e213. doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.82 21975295
  • Henriksen E , Diamond-Stanic M , Marchionne E . Oxidative stress and the etiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med . 2011;51:993e9. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.011 21163347
  • Rani V , Deep G , Singh RK , Palle K , Yadav UC . Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci . 2016;148:183–193. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.002 26851532
  • Reuter S , Gupta SC , Chaturvedi MM , Aggarwal BB . Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med . 2010;49(11):1603–1616. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006 20840865
  • Brown DI , Griendling KK . Regulation of signal transduction by reactive oxygen species in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res . 2015;116(3):531–549. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303584 25634975
  • Alberts B, Bray D, Johnson A, et al. How cells obtain energy from food In: Alberts B, Bray D, Johnson A, et al, editors.  Essential Cell Biology. An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell . Vol. 4 New York: Garland Publishing Inc; 2014:419–466.
  • Muoio DM . Metabolic Inflexibility: when mitochondrial indecision leads to metabolic gridlock. Cell . 2014;159:1253–1262. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.052 25480291
  • Korshunov SS , Skulachev VP , Starkov AA . High protonic potential actuates a mechanism of production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. FEBS Lett . 1997;416:15–18. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01191-5 9369223
  • O’Keefe JH , Gheewala NM , O’Keefe JO . Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;51(3):249–255. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.016 18206731
  • Tan BL , Norhaizan ME , Liew WPP . Nutrients and oxidative stress: friend or foe? Oxid Med Cell Longev . 2018;2018:9719584. doi:10.1155/2018/9719584 29643982
  • Esmaillzadeh A , Kimiagar M , Mehrabi Y , Azadbakht L , Hu FB , Willett WC . Dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in women. Am J Clin Nutr . 2007;85:910–918. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.3.910 17344515
  • Westman EC , Feinman RD , Mavropoulos JC , et al. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr . 2007;86:276–284. doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.276 17684196
  • Rodin J , Wack J , Ferrannini E , DeFronzo RA . Effect of insulin and glucose on feeding behavior. Metabolism . 1985;34:826–831. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(85)90106-4 3897769
  • Holt SH , Miller JB . Increased insulin responses to ingested foods are associated with lessened satiety. Appetite . 1995;24:43–54. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(95)80005-0 7741535
  • Drewnowski A . The role of energy density. Lipids . 2003;38(2):109–115. doi:10.1007/s11745-003-1039-3 12733741
  • DiMeglio DP , Mattes RD . Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight.Int. J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2000;24:794–800. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229
  • Liesa M . Mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of nutrient utilization and energy expenditure. Cell Metab . 2013;17:491–506. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.002 23562075
  • Limkunakul C , Sundell MB , Pouliot B , Graves AJ , Shintani A , Ikizler TA . Glycemic load is associated with oxidative stress among prevalent maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant . 2014;29(5):1047–1053. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft489 24353320
  • Busserolles J , Rock E , Gueux E , Mazur A , Grolier P , Rayssiguier Y . Short-term consumption of a high-sucrose diet has a pro-oxidant effect in rats. Br J Nutr . 2002;87(4):337–342. doi:10.1079/BJNBJN2002524 12064343
  • Sies H , Stahl W , Sevanian A . Nutritional, dietary and postprandial oxidative stress. J Nutr . 2005;135(5):969–972. doi:10.1093/jn/135.5.969 15867266
  • Erdelyi I , Levenkova N , Lin EY , et al. Western-Style diets induce oxidative stress and dysregulate immune responses in the colon in a mouse model of sporadic colon cancer. J Nutr . 2009;139(11):2072–2078. doi:10.3945/jn.108.104125 19759248
  • Monnier L , Mas E , Ginet C , et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA . 2006;295(14):1681–1687. doi:10.1001/jama.295.14.1681 16609090
  • Whalen KA , McCullough ML , Flanders WD , Hartman TJ , Judd S , Bostick RM . Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet pattern scores are inversely associated with biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative balance in adults. J Nutr . 2016;146(6):1217–1226. doi:10.3945/jn.115.224048 27099230
  • Karpe F , Dickmann JR , Frayn KN . Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation. Diabetes . 2011;60:2441–2449. doi:10.2337/db11-0425 21948998
  • Corkey BE . Banting lecture: hyperinsulinemia: cause or consequence? Diabetes . 2012;61:4–13. doi:10.2337/db11-1483 22187369
  • Mehran AE , Templeman NM , Brigidi GS , et al. Hyperinsulinemia drives diet-induced obesity independently of brain insulin production. Cell Metab . 2012;16(6):723–737. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.019 23217255
  • Kopp W. High-insulinogenic nutrition - an etiologic factor for obesity and the metabolic syndrome? Metabolism. 2003;52(7):840–844. doi: 10.1016/s0026-0495(02)05294-0
  • Reaven G . All obese individuals are not created equal: insulin resistance is the major determinant of cardiovascular disease in overweight/obese individuals. Diab Vasc Dis Res . 2005;2:105–112. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2005.017 16334591
  • Nolan CJ , Prentki M . Insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: time for a conceptual framework shift. Diab Vasc Dis Res . 2019;16(2):118–127. doi:10.1177/1479164119827611 30770030
  • Erion KA , Corkey BE . Hyperinsulinemia: a cause of obesity? Curr Obes Rep . 2017;6(2):178–186. doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0261-z 28466412
  • Templeman NM , Skovsø S , Page MM , Lim GE , Johnson JD . A causal role for hyperinsulinemia in obesity. J Endocrinol . 2017;232:R173–83. doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0449 28052999
  • Odeleye OE , de Courten M , Pettitt DJ , Ravussin E . Fasting hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in Pima Indian children. Diabetes . 1997;46(8):1341–1345. doi:10.2337/diab.46.8.1341 9231660
  • Cusin I , Rohner-Jeanrenaud F , Terrettaz J , Jeanrenaud B . Hyperinsulinemia and its impact on obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obes . 1992;16(Suppl 4):S1–11.
  • Le Stunff C , Bougneres P . Early changes in postprandial insulin secretion, not in insulin sensitivity, characterize juvenile obesity. Diabetes . 1994;43:696–702. doi:10.2337/diab.43.5.696 8168647
  • Pénicaud L , Kinebanyan MF , Ferré P , et al. Development of VMH obesity: in vivo insulin secretion and tissue insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol . 1989;257:E255–E260. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.2.E255 2669518
  • Dankner R , Chetrit A , Shanik MH , Raz I , Roth J . Basal-state hyperinsulinemia in healthy normoglycemic adults is predictive of type 2 diabetes over a 24-year follow-up: a preliminary report. Diabetes Care . 2009;32(8):1464–1466. doi:10.2337/dc09-0153 19435961
  • Catalano KJ , Maddux BA , Szary J , Youngren JF , Goldfine ID , Schaufele F . Insulin resistance induced by hyperinsulinemia coincides with a persistent alteration at the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain. PLoS One . 2014;9(9):e108693. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108693 25259572
  • Juan CC , Fang VS , Kwok CF , Perng JC , Chou YC , Ho LT . Exogenous hyperinsulinemia causes insulin resistance, hyperendothelinemia and subsequent hypertension in rats. Metab Clin Exp . 1999;48:465–471. doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90105-1 10206439
  • Ge X , Yu Q , Qi W , Shi X , Zhai Q . Chronic insulin treatment causes insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through oxidative stress. Free Radic Res . 2008;42:582–591. doi:10.1080/10715760802158448 18569016
  • Posa JK , Selvaraj S , Sangeetha KN , Baskaran SK , Lakshmi BS . p53 mediates impaired insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during hyperinsulinemia. Cell Biol Int . 2014;38:818–824. doi:10.1002/cbin.10275 24604666
  • Rowe JW , Young JB , Minaker KL , Stevens AL , Pallotta J , Landsberg L . Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes . 1981;30:219–225. doi:10.2337/diab.30.3.219 7009270
  • Rooney DP , Edgar JD , Sheridan B , Atkinson AB , Bell PM . The effects of low dose insulin infusions on the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems in normal man. Eur J Clin Invest . 1991;21:430–435. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01391.x 1936111
  • Haenni A , Reneland R , Lind L , Lithell H . Serum aldosterone changes during hyperinsulinemia are correlated to body mass index and insulin sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens . 2001;19:107–112. doi:10.1097/00004872-200103000-00017 11204289
  • Pi J , Bai Y , Zhang Q , et al. Reactive oxygen species as a signal in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes . 2007;56(7):1783–1791. doi:10.2337/db06-1601 17400930
  • Saadeh M , Ferrante TC , Kane A , et al. Reactive oxygen species stimulate insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets: studies using mono-oleoyl-glycerol. PLoS One . 2012;7(1):e30200. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030200 22272304
  • Ning J , Hong T , Yang X , et al. Insulin and insulin signaling play a critical role in fat induction of insulin resistance in mouse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab . 2011;301(2):E391–E401. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00164.2011 21586696
  • Ramalingam L , Menikdiwela K , LeMieux M , et al. The renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in obesity and insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta . 2017;1863(5):1106–1114. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.019
  • Lembo G , Capaldo B , Rendina V , et al. Acute noradrenergic activation induces insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endo Met . 1994;266:E242–7.
  • Verdile G , Keane KN , Cruzat VF , et al. Inflammation and oxidative stress: the molecular connectivity between insulin resistance, obesity, and Alzheimer’s Disease. Mediators Inflamm . 2015;2015:105828. doi:10.1155/2015/125380 26693205
  • Houstis N , Rosen ED , Lander ES . Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance. Nature . 2006;440(7086):944–948. doi:10.1038/nature04634 16612386
  • Youn JY , Siu KL , Lob HE , Itani H , Harrison DG , Cai H . Role of vascular oxidative stress in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes . 2014;63(7):2344–2355. doi:10.2337/db13-0719 24550188
  • Schraml E , Quan P , Stelzer I , et al. Norepinephrine treatment and aging lead to systemic and intracellular oxidative stress in rats. Exp Gerontol . 2007;42(11):1072–1078. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.08.003 17851010
  • Heinonen I , Rinne P , Ruohonen ST , Ruohonen S , Ahotupa M , Savontaus E . The effects of equal caloric high fat and western diet on metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and vascular endothelial function in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) . 2014;211(3):515–527. doi:10.1111/apha.12253 24621461
  • Prasad K , Dhar I . Oxidative stress as a mechanism of added sugar-induced cardiovascular disease. Int J Angiol . 2014;23(4):217–226. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1387169 25484552
  • Castro MC , Massa ML , Arbeláez LG , Schinella G , Gagliardino JJ , Francini F . Fructose-induced inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress: a liver pathological triad effectively disrupted by lipoic acid. Life Sci . 2015;137:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.010 26188590
  • Matsuzawa-Nagata N , Takamura T , Ando H , et al. Increased oxidative stress precedes the onset of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. Metabolism . 2008;57(8):1071–1077. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2008.03.010 18640384
  • Schofield CJ , Sutherland C . Disordered insulin secretion in the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med . 2012;29(8):972–979. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03655.x 22443306
  • Paris M , Bernard-Kargar C , Berthault MF , Bouwens L , Ktorza A . Specific and combined effects of insulin and glucose on functional pancreatic beta-cell mass in vivo in adult rats. Endocrinology . 2003;144(6):2717–2727. doi:10.1210/en.2002-221112 12746336
  • Mahler RJ . The relationship between the hyperplastic pancreatic islet and insulin insensitivity in obesity. Acta Diabetol Lat . 1981;18:1–17.6452013
  • Gonzalez A , Merino B , Marroquí L , et al. Insulin hypersecretion in islets from diet-induced hyperinsulinemic obese female mice is associated with several functional adaptations in individual β-cells. Endocrinology . 2013;154(10):3515–3524. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1424 23867214
  • Ferrannini E , Camastra S , Gastaldelli A , et al. Beta-cell function in obesity: effects of weight loss. Diabetes . 2004;53(Suppl 3):S26–S33. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.suppl_3.s26
  • Preeyasombat C , Bacchetti P , Lazar AA , Lustig RH . Racial and etiopathologic dichotomies in insulin hypersecretion and resistance in obese children. J Pediatr . 2005;146(4):474–481. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.12.014 15812449
  • Patel MS , Srinivasan M . Metabolic programming in the immediate postnatal life. Ann Nutr Metab . 2011;58(Suppl 2):18–28. doi:10.1159/000328040 21846978
  • Pawlak DB , Bryson JM , Denyer GS , Brand-Miller JC . High glycemic index starch promotes hypersecretion of insulin and higher body fat in rats without affecting insulin sensitivity. J Nutr . 2001;131(1):99–104. doi:10.1093/jn/131.1.99 11208944
  • Gonsolin D , Couturier K , Garait B , et al. High dietary sucrose triggers hyperinsulinemia, increases myocardial beta-oxidation, reduces glycolytic flux and delays post-ischemic contractile recovery. Mol Cell Biochem . 2007;295(1–2):217–228. doi:10.1007/s11010-006-9291-7 16944307
  • Barnard RJ , Roberts CK , Varon SM , Berger JJ . Diet-induced insulin resistance precedes other aspects of the metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol . 1998;84:1311–1315. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1967 9516198
  • Grimditch GK , Barnard RJ , Hendricks L , Weitzman D . Peripheral insulin sensitivity as modified by diet and exercise training. Am J Clin Nutr . 1988;48:38–43. doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.1.38 2839027
  • Bray GA , Nielsen SJ , Popkin BM . Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr . 2004;79(4):537–543. doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.4.537 15051594
  • Sleder J , Chen YD , Cully MD , Reaven GM . Hyperinsulinemia in fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia in the rat. Metabolism . 1980;29(4):303–305. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(80)90001-3 6990170
  • Baena M , Sangüesa G , Dávalos A , et al. Fructose, but not glucose, impairs insulin signaling in the three major insulin-sensitive tissues. Sci Rep . 2016;6:26149. doi:10.1038/srep26149 27194405
  • Grunfeld B , Balzareti M , Romo M , Gimenez M , Gutman R . Hyperinsulinemia in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Hypertension . 1994;23:I12–5. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.23.1_Suppl.I12 8282343
  • Vlasáková Z , Pelikánová T , Karasová L , Skibová J . Insulin secretion, sensitivity, and metabolic profile of young healthy offspring of hypertensive parents. Metabolism . 2004;53:469–475. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.10.030 15045694
  • Lambert EA , Straznicky NE , Dixon JB , Lambert GW . Should the sympathetic nervous system be a target to improve cardiometabolic risk in obesity? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2015;309(2):H244–H258. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2015 25980020
  • Scott EM , Greenwood JP , Vacca G , Stoker JB , Gilbey SG , Mary DA . Carbohydrate ingestion, with transient endogenous insulinemia, produces both sympathetic activation and vasodilatation in normal humans. Clin Sci . 2001;102:523–529. doi:10.1042/cs1020523
  • Welle S , Ulavivat U , Campell G . Thermic effect of feeding in men: increased plasma norepinephrine levels following glucose but not protein or fat consumption. Metabolism . 1981;30:953–958. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90092-5 7024722
  • Heseltine D , Potter JF , Hartley G , Macdonald IA , James OF . Blood pressure, heart rate and neuroendocrine responses to a high carbohydrate and a high fat meal in healthy young subjects. Clin Sci . 1990;79(5):517–522. doi:10.1042/cs0790517 2174321
  • Tentolouris N , Tsigos C , Perea D , et al. Differential effect of high-fat and high-carbohydrate isoenergetic meals on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in lean and obese women. Metabolism . 2003;52:1426–1432. doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00322-6 14624401
  • Khoury N , McGill JB . Changes in insulin sensitivity following administration of the clinically used low-dose pressor, norepinephrine. Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 2011;27(6):604–608. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1212 21538777
  • Gamboa A , Okamoto LE , Arnold AC , et al. Autonomic blockade improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects. Hypertension . 2014;64:867–874. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03738 25001269
  • Flaa A , Aksnes TA , Kjeldsen SE , Eide I , Rostrup M . Increased sympathetic reactivity may predict insulin resistance: an 18-year follow-up study. Metabolism . 2008;57(10):1422–1427. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2008.05.012 18803948
  • Lavoie JL , Sigmund CD . Minireview: overview of the renin-angiotensin system – an endocrine and paracrine system. Endocrinology . 2003;144:2179–2183. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0150 12746271
  • Skov J , Persson F , Frøkiær J , Christiansen JS . Tissue renin-angiotensin systems: a unifying hypothesis of metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2014;5:23. doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00023 24592256
  • Grassi G . Renin-angiotensin-sympathetic cross talks in hypertension: reappraising the relevance of peripheral interactions. J Hypertens . 2001;19:1713–1716. doi:10.1097/00004872-200103000-00017 11593089
  • Saxena PR . Interaction between the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1992;19:S80–8. doi:10.1097/00005344-199219006-00013 1382170
  • Olivares-Reyes JA , Arellano-Plancarte A , Castillo-Hernandez JR . Angiotensin II and the development of insulin resistance: implications for diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol . 2009;302(2):128–139. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.011 19150387
  • Pacurari M , Kafoury R , Tchounwou PB , Ndebele K . The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling. Int J Inflam . 2014;2014:689360. doi:10.1155/2014/689360 24804145
  • Hitomi H , Kiyomoto H , Nishiyama A . Angiotensin II and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Cardiol . 2007;22(4):311–315. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3281532b53 17556883
  • Lacolley P , Regnault V , Nicoletti A , Li Z , Michel JB . The vascular smooth muscle cell in arterial pathology: a cell that can take on multiple roles. Cardiovasc Res . 2012;95:194–204. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvs164 22467316
  • Chan SMH , Lau YS , Miller AA , et al. Angiotensin II causes β-cell dysfunction through an ER stress-induced proinflammatory response. Endocrinology . 2017;158(10):3162–3173. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1879 28938442
  • Tanga J , Lib Z , Lub L , Chob CH . β-Adrenergic system, a backstage manipulator regulating tumour progression and drug target in cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol . 2013;23:533–542. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.08.009 24012659
  • Calder PC , Ahluwalia N , Albers R , et al. A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr . 2013;109:S1–S34. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005119
  • Hunter P . The inflammation theory of disease. The growing realization that chronic inflammation is crucial in many diseases opens new avenues for treatment. EMBO Rep . 2012;13(11):968–970. doi:10.1038/embor.2012.142 23044824
  • Khansari N , Shakiba Y , Mahmoudi M . Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov . 2009;3(1):73–80.19149749
  • Rufino AT , Ribeiro M , Ferreira JP , Judas F , Ferreira Mendes A . Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia-like conditions independently induce inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol . 2017;2(2):15. doi:10.3390/jfmk2020015
  • Pedersen DJ , Guilherme A , Danai LV , et al. A major role of insulin in promoting obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation. Mol Metab . 2015;4(7):507–518. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.04.003 26137438
  • Karakas M , Haase T , Zeller T . Linking the sympathetic nervous system to the inflammasome: towards new therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J . 2018;39(1):70–72. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx374 29020243
  • Christ A , Günther P , Lauterbach MAR , et al. Western diet triggers NLRP3-dependent innate immune reprogramming. Cell . 2018;172(1–2):162–175. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.013 29328911
  • Neuhouser ML , Schwarz Y , Wang C , et al. A low-glycemic load diet reduces serum C-reactive protein and modestly increases adiponectin in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr . 2011;142(2):369–374. doi:10.3945/jn.111.149807 22190020
  • James PT , Leach R , Kalamara E , Shayeghi M . The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res . 2001;9(Suppl4):228S–233S. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.123 11707546
  • Strauss RS , Pollack HA . Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986–1998. JAMA . 2001;286(22):2845–2848. doi:10.1001/jama.286.22.2845 11735760
  • GBD Obesity Collaborators, et al.Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med .2017;377(1):13–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 28604169
  • Ludwig DS , Ebbeling CB . The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity: beyond “calories in, calories out”. JAMA Intern Med . 2018;178(8):1098–1103. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2933 29971406
  • Choquet H , Meyre D . Genetics of obesity: what have we learned? Curr Genomics . 2011;12(3):169–179. doi:10.2174/138920211795677895 22043165
  • Hu F . Genetic predictors of obesity In: Hu F , editor. Obesity Epidemiology . New York City: Oxford University Press; 2008:437–460.
  • Kopp W . Significant dietary changes during human evolution and the development of cancer: from cells in trouble to cells causing trouble. J Carcinog Mutagen . 2017;8:303. doi:10.4172/2157-2518
  • Campbell PJ , Carlson MG , Hill JO , Nurjhan N . Regulation of free fatty acid metabolism by insulin in humans: role of lipolysis and reesterification. Am J Physiol . 1992;263(6 Pt 1):E1063–E1069. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2006.263.6.E1063 1476178
  • Sigal RJ , EI-Hashimy M , Martin BC , Soeldner S , Krolewski AS , Warram JH . Acute post-challenge hyperinsulinemia predicts weight gain: a prospective study. Diabetes . 1997;46(6):1025–1029. doi:10.2337/diab.46.6.1025 9166675
  • Chen YY , Wang JP , Jiang YY , et al. Fasting plasma insulin at 5 years of age predicted subsequent weight increase in early childhood over a 5-year period: the Da Qing children cohort study. PLoS One . 2015;10:e0127389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127389 26047327
  • Lustig RH , Greenway F , Velasquez-Mieyer P , et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of a long-acting formulation of octreotide in promoting weight loss in obese adults with insulin hypersecretion. Int J Obes (Lond) . 2006;30:331–341. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803074 16158082
  • Eckel RA . Insulin resistance: an adaptation for weight maintenance. Lancet . 1992;340:1452–1453. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92633-q 1360570
  • Naja F , Hwalla N , Itani L , Karam S , Sibai AM , Nasreddine L . A Western dietary pattern is associated with overweight and obesity in a national sample of Lebanese adolescents (13–19 years): a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr . 2015;114(11):1909–1919. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003657 26431469
  • Rasool S , Geetha T , Broderick TL , Babu JR . High fat with high sucrose diet leads to obesity and induces myodegeneration. Front Physiol . 2018;9:1054. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01054 30258366
  • Le Stunff C , Fallin D , Schork NJ , Bougnères P . The insulin gene VNTR is associated with fasting insulin levels and development of juvenile obesity. Nat Genet . 2000;26(4):444–446. doi:10.1038/82579 11101842
  • Coelho M , Oliveira T , Fernandes R . Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Arch Med Sci . 2013;9(2):191–200. doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.33181 23671428
  • Manna P , Jain SK . Obesity, oxidative stress, adipose tissue dysfunction, and the associated health risks: causes and therapeutic strategies. Metab Syndr Relat Disord . 2015;13(10):423–444. doi:10.1089/met.2015.0095 26569333
  • Seaman DR . Weight gain as a consequence of living a modern lifestyle: a discussion of barriers to effective weight control and how to overcome them. J Chiropr Humanit . 2013;20(1):27–35. doi:10.1016/j.echu.2013.08.001 25067929
  • Nordmann AJ , Nordmann A , Briel M , et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med . 2006;166(3):285–293. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285 16476868
  • Lindeberg S , Jönsson T , Granfeldt Y , et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia . 2007;50(9):1795–1807. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y 17583796
  • Jönsson T , Ahrén B , Pacini G , et al. A Paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs. Nutr Metab (Lond) . 2006;3:39. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-3-39 17081292
  • Frassetto LA , Schloetter M , Mietus-Synder M , Morris RC Jr , Sebastian A . Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2009;63(8):947–955. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.4 19209185
  • Drews G , Krippeit-Drews P , Düfer M . Oxidative stress and beta-cell dysfunction. Pflugers Arch . 2010;460(4):703–718. doi:10.1007/s00424-010-0862-9 20652307
  • Chawla T , Sharma D , Singh A . Role of the renin angiotensin system in diabetic nephropathy. World J Diabetes . 2010;1(5):141–145. doi:10.4239/wjd.v1.i5.141 21537441
  • Carnethon MR , Golden SH , Folsom AR , Haskell W , Liao D . Prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study, 1987–1998. Circulation . 2003;107(17):2190–2195. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000066324.74807.95 12695289
  • Park KH , Park WJ . Endothelial dysfunction: clinical implications in cardiovascular disease and therapeutic approaches. J Korean Med Sci . 2015;30(9):1213–1225. doi:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.9.1213 26339159
  • Yang X , Li Y , Li Y , et al. Oxidative stress-mediated atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapies. Front Physiol . 2017;8:600. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00600 28878685
  • Gomolak JR , Didion SP . Angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction is temporally linked with increases in interleukin-6 and vascular macrophage accumulation. Front Physiol . 2014;5:396. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00268 25400581
  • Arcaro G , Cretti A , Balzano S , et al. Insulin causes endothelial dysfunction in humans: sites and mechanisms. Circulation . 2002;105(5):576–582. doi:10.1161/hc0502.103333 11827922
  • Kim JA , Montagnani M , Koh KK , Quon MJ . Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation . 2006;113:1888–1904. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213 16618833
  • Libby P . Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2012;32:2045–2051. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179705 22895665
  • Grassi G , Arenare F , Pieruzzi F , Brambilla G , Mancia G . Sympathetic activation in cardiovascular and renal disease. J Nephrol . 2009;22:190–195.19384835
  • Sarafidis PA , Bakris GL . Insulin and endothelin: an interplay contributing to hypertension development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2007;92:379–385. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1819 17118997
  • Kopp W . Diet-induced hyperinsulinemia as a key factor in the etiology of both benign prostatic hyperplasia and essential hypertension? Nutr Metab Insights . 2018;8(11):1178638818773072.
  • Hall JE , Granger JP , Do Carmo JM , et al. Hypertension: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol . 2012;2:2393–2442.
  • Singh BM , Mehta JL . Interactions between the renin-angiotensin system and dyslipidemia: relevance in the therapy of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med . 2003;163(11):1296–1304. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.11.1296 12796065
  • Reaven GM . Compensatory hyperinsulinemia and the development of an atherogenic lipoprotein profile: the price paid to maintain glucose homeostasis in insulin-resistant individuals. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am . 2005;34(1):49–62. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.12.001 15752921
  • Seyfried TN , Shelton LM . Cancer as a metabolic disease. Nutr Metab . 2010;7:7. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-7
  • Zuo T , Zhu M , Xu W . Roles of oxidative stress in polycystic ovary syndrome and cancers. Oxid Med Cell Longev . 2015;2016:8589318.26770659
  • Vigneri R , Goldfine ID , Frittitta L . Insulin, insulin receptors, and cancer. J Endocrinol Invest . 2016;39(12):1365–1376. doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0508-7 27368923
  • George AJ , Thomas WG , Hannan RD . The renin-angiotensin system and cancer: old dog, new tricks. Nat Rev Cancer . 2010;10:745–759. doi:10.1038/nrc2945 20966920
  • Todoric J , Antonucci L , Karin M . Targeting inflammation in cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) . 2016;9(12):895–905. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0209 27913448
  • Cohen DH , LeRoith D . Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer: the insulin and IGF connection. Endocr Relat Cancer . 2012;19(5):F27–F45. doi:10.1530/ERC-11-0374 22593429
  • Fishel MA , Watson GS , Montine TJ , et al. Hyperinsulinemia provokes synchronous increases in central inflammation and β-amyloid in normal adults. Arch Neurol . 2005;62(10):1539–1544. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.10.noc50112 16216936
  • Gebre AK , Altaye BM , Atey TM , Tuem KB , Berhe DF . Targeting renin-angiotensin system against Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol . 2018;9:440. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00440 29760662
  • Fitzgerald PJ . Is elevated norepinephrine an etiological factor in some cases of Alzheimer’s disease? Curr Alzheimer Res . 2010;7(6):506–516.20626335
  • Shorakae S , Teede H , de Courten B , Lambert G , Boyle J , Moran LJ . The emerging role of chronic low-grade inflammation in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med . 2015;33(4):257–269. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556568 26132930
  • Lansdown A , Rees DA . The sympathetic nervous system in polycystic ovary syndrome: a novel therapeutic target? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 2012;77(6):791–801. doi:10.1111/cen.12003 22882204
  • Esser N , Legrand-Poels S , Piette J , Scheen AJ , Paquot N . Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2014;105(2):141–150. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006 24798950
  • Almeida-Santos AF , Kangussu LM , Campagnole-Santos MJ . The renin-angiotensin system and the neurodegenerative diseases: a brief review. Protein Pept Lett . 2017;24(9):841–853. doi:10.2174/0929866524666170822120258 28828974
  • van Thiel BS , van der Pluijm I , Te Riet L , Essers J , Danser AH . The renin-angiotensin system and its involvement in vascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol . 2015;763(Pt A):3–14. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.090 25987425
  • Pasupathi P , Saravanan G , Farook J . Oxidative stress bio markers and antioxidant status in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Pharm Sci Res . 2009;1(2):55–62.
  • Facchini FS , Hollenbeck CB , Jeppesen J , Chen YD , Reaven GM . Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Lancet . 1992;339:1128–1130. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91102-e 1349365
  • Narkiewicz K , van de Borne PJ , Hausberg M , et al. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation . 1998;98(6):528–534. doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.6.528 9714109
  • Oakes JM , Fuchs RM , Gardner JD , Lazartigues E , Yue X . Nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol . 2018;315(5):R895–R906. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2018 30088946
  • Lee J , Taneja V , Vassallo R . Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Dent Res . 2012;91(2):142–149. doi:10.1177/0022034511421200 21876032
  • Rehm J . The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism. Alcohol Res Health . 2011;34(2):135–143.22330211
  • Shield KD , Rylett M , Gmel G , Gmel G , Kehoe-Chan TA , Rehm J . Global alcohol exposure estimates by country, territory and region for 2005–a contribution to the comparative risk assessment for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study. Addiction . 2013;108(5):912–922. doi:10.1111/add.12112 23347092
  • González K , Fuentes J , Márquez JL . Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and chronic diseases. Korean J Fam Med . 2017;38(3):111–115. doi:10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111 28572885
  • Martinez KB , Leone V , Chang EB . Western diets, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic diseases: are they linked? Gut Microbes . 2017;8(2):130–142. doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1270811 28059614
  • De Filippis F , Pellegrini N , Vannini L , et al. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut . 2016;65(11):1812–1821. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309957 26416813
  • Calkins K , Devaskar SU . Fetal origins of adult disease. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care . 2011;41(6):158–176. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.01.001 21684471
  • Moosavi A , Motevalizadeh Ardekani A . Role of epigenetics in biology and human diseases. Iran Biomed J . 2016;20(5):246–258. doi:10.22045/ibj.2016.01 27377127
  • Kwon EJ , Kim YJ . What is fetal programming?: a lifetime health is under the control of in utero health. Obstet Gynecol Sci . 2017;60(6):506–519. doi:10.5468/ogs.2017.60.6.506 29184858
  • Alfaradhi MZ , Ozanne SE . Developmental programming in response to maternal overnutrition. Front Genet . 2011;2:27. doi:10.3389/fgene.2011.00027 22303323
  • Paknahad Z , Fallah A , Moravejolahkami AR . Maternal dietary patterns and their association with pregnancy outcomes. Clin Nutr Res . 2019;8(1):64–73. doi:10.7762/cnr.2019.8.1.64 30746349
  • Damasceno DC , Dallaqua B , Lovizutto Iessi I , Volpato GT , Campos KE . Impact of maternal over-nutrition during pregnancy on maternal oxidative stress and fetal skeletal/visceral anomalies of the rats. J Nutr Disorders Ther . 2016;6:1. doi:10.4172/2161-0509.1000185
  • Tzanetakou IP , Mikhailidis DP , Perrea DN . Nutrition during pregnancy and the effect of carbohydrates on the offspring’s metabolic profile: in search of the “perfect maternal diet”. Open Cardiovasc Med J . 2011;5:103–109. doi:10.2174/1874192401105010103 21673843
  • Hales CN , Barker DJ . The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull . 2001;60(5–20):26. doi:10.1093/bmb/60.1.5
  • Hay WWW Jr. Placental-fetal glucose exchange and fetal glucose metabolism. Transact Am Clin Climatol Assoc . 2006;117:321–339.
  • Desai M , Jellyman JK , Han G , Beall M , Lane RH , Ross MG . Maternal obesity and high-fat diet program offspring metabolic syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2014;211(3):237.e1–237.e13. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.025
  • Rkhzay-Jaf J , O’Dowd JF , Stocker CJ . Maternal obesity and the fetal origins of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep . 2012;6(5):487–495. doi:10.1007/s12170-012-0257-x 23002417
  • Perrone S , Tataranno ML , Santacroce A , et al. Fetal stress, maternal nutrition and oxidative stress hypothesis. J Pediatr Biochem . 2016;6(02):96–102. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1593811
  • Rodríguez-Rodríguez P , Ramiro-Cortijo D , Reyes-Hernández CG , López de Pablo AL , González MC , Arribas SM . Implication of oxidative stress in fetal programming of cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol . 2018;9:602. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00602 29875698
  • Thompson LP , Al-Hasan Y . Impact of oxidative stress in fetal programming. J Pregnancy . 2012;2012:582748. doi:10.1155/2012/582748 22848830
  • Mathers JC , McKay JA . Epigenetics - potential contribution to fetal programming. Adv Exp Med Biol . 2009;646:119–123. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9173-5_13 19536670
  • Malti N , Merzouk H , Merzouk SA , et al. Oxidative stress and maternal obesity: feto-placental unit interaction. Placenta . 2014;35(6):411–416. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2014.03.010 24698544
  • Cetin I , Laoreti A . The importance of maternal nutrition for health. J Pediatr Neonat Individual Med . 2015;4(2):e040220.