Circulating Irisin Levels as a Marker of Osteosarcopenic-Obesity in Cushing’s Disease

References

• Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, et al. A PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463–468. doi:10.1038/nature10777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serrano M, et al. Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):E769–E778. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons JA, Baar K, Davidsen PK, Atherton PJ. Is irisin a human exercise gene? Nature. 2012;488(7413):E9-10; discussion E10-1. doi:10.1038/nature11364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aydin S. Three new players in energy regulation: preptin, adropin and irisin. Peptides. 2014;56:94–110. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du XL, Jiang WX, Lv ZT. Lower circulating irisin level in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2016;48(10):644–652. doi:10.1055/s-0042-108730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zybek-Kocik A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Wrotkowska E, Sowinski J, Ruchala M. Time-dependent irisin concentration changes in patients affected by overt hypothyroidism. Endokrynol Pol. 2016;67(5):476–480. doi:10.5603/EP.a2016.0030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Mu Q, Zhou Z, et al. Protective effect of irisin on atherosclerosis via suppressing oxidized low density lipoprotein induced vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0158038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Anastasilakis AD, Geladari EV, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2014;63(2):207–217. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciresi A, Pizzolanti G, Guarnotta V, Giordano C. Circulating Irisin levels in children with GH deficiency before and after 1 year of GH treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(3):801–808. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01440
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calan M, Demirpence M. Increased circulating levels of irisin are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with acromegaly. Hormones (Athens). 2019;6.
   Google Scholar
• Palermo A, Strollo R, Maddaloni E, et al. Irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures independently of bone mineral density, body composition or daily physical activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;82(4):615–619. doi:10.1111/cen.12672
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhao Q. Decreased irisin secretion contributes to muscle insulin resistance in high-fat diet mice. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(6):6490–6497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu TY, Xiong XQ, Ren XS, et al. FNDC5 alleviates hepatosteatosis by restoring AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy, fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis in mice. Diabetes. 2016;65(11):3262–3275. doi:10.2337/db16-0356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Iacuaniello D, et al. Metabolic alterations and cardiovascular outcomes of cortisol excess. Front Horm Res. 2016;46:54–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, Newell-Price J, Biller BM, Colao A. Complications of Cushing’s syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(7):611–629. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00086-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javanmard P, Duan D, Geer EB. Mortality in patients with endogenous cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2018;47(2):313–333. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.02.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giordano C, Guarnotta V, Pivonello R, et al. Is diabetes in Cushing’s syndrome only a consequence of hypercortisolism? Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;170(2):311–319. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-0754
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolland MJ, Holdaway IM, Berkeley JE, et al. Mortality and morbidity in Cushing’s syndrome in New Zealand. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;75(4):436–442. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04124.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammini AC, Tandon N, Gupta N, et al. Etiology and clinical profile of patients with Cushing’s syndrome: a single center experience. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(1):99–105. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.126586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guarnotta V, Amato MC, Pivonello R, et al. The degree of urinary hypercortisolism is not correlated with the severity of cushing’s syndrome. Endocrine. 2017;55(2):564–572. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-0914-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minetto MA, Lanfranco F, Motta G, Allasia S, Arvat E, D’Antona G. Steroid myopathy: some unresolved issues. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34(5):370–375. doi:10.1007/BF03347462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi HY, Kim S, Park JW, et al. Implication of circulating irisin levels with brown adipose tissue and sarcopenia in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):2778–2785. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pekkala S, Wiklund PK, Hulmi JJ, et al. Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health? J Physiol. 2013;591(21):5393–5400. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.263707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park HS, Kim HC, Zhang D, Yeom H, Lim SK. The novel myokine irisin: clinical implications and potential role as a biomarker for sarcopenia in postmenopausal women. Endocrine. 2019;64(2):341–348. doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1814-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colaianni G, Mongelli T, Cuscito C, et al. Irisin prevents and restores bone loss and muscle atrophy in hind-limb suspended mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2811. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02557-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1526–1540. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):5593–5602. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85–94. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.M85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berr CM, Stieg MR, Deutschbein T, et al. Persistence of myopathy in Cushing’s syndrome: evaluation of the German Cushing’s Registry. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176(6):737–746. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0689
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486–2497. doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S14–S31. doi:10.2337/dc20-S002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br J Nutr. 1991;65(2):105–114. doi:10.1079/BJN19910073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews D, Hosker J, Rudenski A, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412–419. doi:10.1007/BF00280883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda M, DeFronzo R. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(9):1462–1470. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utzschneider KM, Prigeon RL, Faulenbach MV, et al. Oral disposition index predicts the development of future diabetes above and beyond fasting and 2-h glucose levels. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):335–341. doi:10.2337/dc08-1478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee P, Linderman JD, Smith S, et al. Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. Cell Metab. 2014;19(2):302–309. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh JY, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, et al. FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I.Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism. 2012;61(12):1725–1738. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo M, Crujeiras AB, Amil M, et al. Association of irisin with fat mass, resting energy expenditure, and daily activity in conditions of extreme body mass index. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:857270. doi:10.1155/2014/857270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park KH, Zaichenko L, Brinkoetter M, et al. Circulating irisin in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4899–4907. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JJ, Wong MD, Toy WC, et al. Lower circulating irisin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 2013;27(4):365–369. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grygiel-Gorniak B, Puszczewicz M. A review on irisin, a new protagonist that mediates muscle-adipose-bone-neuron connectivity. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(20):4687–4693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crujeiras AB, Zulet MA, Lopez-Legarrea P, et al. Association between circulating irisin levels and the promotion of insulin resistance during the weight maintenance period after a dietary weight-lowering program in obese patients. Metabolism. 2014;63(4):520–531. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stengel A, Hofmann T, Goebel-Stengel M, Elbelt U, Kobelt P, Klapp BF. Circulating levels of irisin in patients with anorexia nervosa and different stages of obesity–correlation with body mass index. Peptides. 2013;39:125–130. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung WKC, Yu AP, Lai CWK, Siu PM. Association of markers of proinflammatory phenotype and beige adipogenesis with metabolic syndrome in chinese centrally obese adults. J Diabetes Res. 2018;8956509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez-Sotelo D, Roca-Rivada A, Baamonde I, et al. Lack of adipocyte-fndc5/irisin expression and secretion reduces thermogenesis and enhances adipogenesis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:16289. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16602-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Shi L, Peng N, Zhang Q, Li H. Higher baseline serum irisin decreases risk for body mass index increment in chinese populations: a 3.2-year cohort study. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(2):713–723. doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0588-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Li R, Meng Y, et al. Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP kinase signaling. Diabetes. 2014;63(2):514–525. doi:10.2337/db13-1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HK, Jeong YJ, Song IS, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor positively regulates transcription of FNDC5 in the liver. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43296. doi:10.1038/srep43296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drey M, Berr CM, Reincke M, et al. Cushing’s syndrome: a model for sarcopenic obesity. Endocrine. 2017;57(3):481–485. doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1370-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. FEBS J. 2013;280(17):4294–4314. doi:10.1111/febs.12253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleasby ME, Jamieson PM, Atherton PJ. Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities. J Endocrinol. 2016;229(2):R67–81. doi:10.1530/JOE-15-0533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbertson DJ, Babraj J, Leese G, Siervo M. Anabolic resistance does not explain sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared with healthy controls, despite reduced mTOR pathway activity. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(6):1716–1719. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangl MK, Böcker W, Chubanov V, et al. Sarcopenia - endocrinological and neurological aspects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019;127(1):8–22. doi:10.1055/a-0672-1007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polyzos SA, Mathew H, Mantzoros CS. Irisin: a true, circulating hormone. Metabolism. 2015;64(12):1611–1618. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Siess C, Gessl A, et al. Factors predicting long-term comorbidities in patients with Cushing’s syndrome in remission. Endocrine. 2019;64(1):157–168. doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1819-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, et al. The myokine irisin increases cortical bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(39):12157–12162. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516622112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P, et al. Circulating irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with low bone mass but is not affected by either teriparatide or denosumab treatment for 3 months. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(5):1633–1642. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2673-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo A, Sanesi L, Colaianni G, et al. A novel interplay between irisin and PTH: from basic studies to clinical evidence in hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(8):3088–3096. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar