264
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Obesity: considerations about etiology, metabolism, and the use of experimental models

, &
Pages 75-87 | Published online: 10 Apr 2012

References

  • National Center for Health Statistics Health, United States, 2006 Chart-book on Trends in the Health of Americans Hyattsville, MD National Center for Health Statistics 2006
  • World Health Organization Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic Geneva World Health Organization 1998 Technical Report Series No. 894
  • Popkin BM Doak CM The obesity epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon Nutr Rev 1998 56 4 Pt 1 106 114 9584495
  • Monteiro CA Mondini L Souza ALM Popkin BM From malnutrition to obesity: the nutritional transition in Brazil Monteiro CA Old and New Evils Health in Brazil: The Country’s Evolution and its Diseases São Paulo Hcitec-NUPENS/USP 1995 247 255 Portuguese
  • Monteiro CA Conde WL Popkin BM Income-specific trends in obesity in Brazil: 1975–2003. The nutrition transition in Brazil Am J Public Health 2007 91 10 1808 1812 17761560
  • Francischi RP Pereira LO Freitas CS Obesity: update in its etiology, morbidity and treatment Rev Nutr 2000 13 17 28 Portuguese
  • Francischi RP Pereira LO Lancha AHJr Exercise, eating behavior and obesity: a review of the effects on body composition and metabolic parameters Rev Paul Educ Fis 2001 15 117 140 Portuguese
  • Kuczmarski RJ Flegal KM Campbell SM Johnson CL Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991 JAMA 1994 272 3 205 211 8022039
  • Hedley AA Ogden CL Johnson CL Carroll MD Curtin LR Flegal KM Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002 JAMA 2004 291 23 2847 2850 15199035
  • O’Dea K Westernization and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in Australian Aborigine Ethn Dis 1991 1 2 171 187 1668799
  • DeFronzo RA Ferrannini E Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Diabetes Care 1991 14 3 173 194 2044434
  • McNamara DJ Howell WH Epidemiologic data linking diet to hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis Semin Liver Dis 1992 12 4 347 355 1334574
  • Stunkard AJ Wadden TA Psychological aspects of human obesity Björntorp P Brodoff BN Obesity Philadelphia JB Lippincott Company 1992 352 360
  • Björntorp P Brodoff BN Obesity Philadelphia JB Lippincott Company 1992
  • Després JP Lamarche B Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease J Intern Med 1994 236 1 7 22 8021576
  • Zhang WM Kuchár S Mozes S Body fat and RNA content of the VMH cells in rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate Brain Res Bull 1994 35 4 383 385 7531599
  • Hill JO Peters JC Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic Science 1998 280 5368 1371 1374 9603719
  • Jebb SA The Nutrition Society Medical Lecture. Obesity: from molecules to man Proc Nutr Soc 1999 58 1 1 14 10343335
  • World Health Organization Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases Geneva World Health Organization 1990 Technical Report Series No. 797
  • World Health Organization Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry Geneva World Health Organization 1995 Technical Report Series No. 854
  • Rolls BJ Shide DJ The influence of dietary fat on food intake and body weight Nutr Rev 1992 50 10 283 290 1436763
  • Schulz LO Schoeller DA A compilation of total daily energy expenditures and body weights in healthy adults Am J Clin Nutr 1994 60 5 676 681 7942572
  • Haapanen N Miilunpalo S Pasanen M Oja P Vuori I Association between leisure time physical activity and 10-year body mass change among working-aged men and women Int J Obes Relat Metab Dis 1997 21 4 288 296
  • Grundy SM Multifactorial causation of obesity: implications for prevention Am J Clin Nutr 1998 67 Suppl 3 563S 572S 9497171
  • Melby CL Commerford SR Hill JO Exercise, macronutrient balance, and weight control Lamb DR Murray R Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Volume 11. Exercise, Nutrition, and Weight Control Carmel, IN Cooper Publishing Group 1998 1 60
  • Hill JO Melanson EL Wyatt HT Dietary fat intake and regulation of energy balance: implications for obesity J Nutr 2000 130 Suppl 2 284S 288S 10721889
  • Pereira LO Francischi RP Klopfer M Obesity and its implications: effects of physical activity and nutritional control Rev Bras Nutr Clin 1999 14 9 17 Portuguese
  • Friel S Chopra M Satcher D Unequal weight: equity oriented policy responses to the global obesity epidemic BMJ 2007 335 7632 1241 1243 18079548
  • Freitas CS Klopfer M Vieira P Profile of the obese women attending a physical activity program in School of Physical Education and Sport Paper presented at: 10th Scientific Initiation Conference of UNESP Oct 1998 São Paulo, Brazil Portuguese
  • Mahan LK Escott-Stump S Krause’s Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy 9th ed Philadelphia, PA WB Saunders Co 1996
  • Pereira LO Francischi RP Klopfer M Different intensities of physical activities with or without hypocaloric diet: effects on body composition, food consumption and plasmatic profile in obese women [abstract] Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 30 5 238
  • Pereira LO Klopfer M Vieira P The evaluation of the best strategy to increase muscle mass and improve health in obese women Proc Nutr Soc 1999 59 99
  • Francischi RP Oquendo L Campos PL Futigami S Neto SRC Lancha AHJr Physical activity and nutritional control features a treatment of obesity in Brazilian women Paper presented at the 10th International Conference of Biochemistry of Exercise July 15–19, 1997 Sydney, Australia
  • Francischi RP Klopfer M Pereira LO Effect of physical activity intensity and hypocaloric diet upon food intake, body composition and cholesterolemia of obese women Rev Bras Nutr Clin 1999 14 1 8 Portuguese
  • Francischi RP Santos RC Vieira P Effects of exercise on dietary composition, metabolism and body composition of Brazilian obese women Scand J Nutr 1999 43 34s 40S
  • Monteiro CA Conde WL The secular trend of obesity according to social strata: northeast and southeast of Brazil, 1975–1989–1997 Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 1999 43 3 186 194 Portuguese
  • Monteiro CA Conde WL Popkin BM The burden of disease from undernutrition and overnutrition in countries undergoing rapid nutrition transition: a view from Brazil Am J Public Health 2004 94 3 433 434 14998807
  • Monteiro CA D’A Benicio MH Conde WL Popkin BM Shifting obesity trends in Brazil Eur J Clin Nut 2000 54 4 342 346
  • Pereira-Lancha LO Coelho DF de Campos-Ferraz PL Lancha AHJr Body fat regulation: is it a result of a simple energy balance or a high fat intake? J Am Coll Nutr 2010 29 4 343 351 21041808
  • West DB York B Dietary fat, genetic predisposition, and obesity: lessons from animal models Am J Clin Nutr 1998 67 Suppl 3 505S 512S 9497161
  • Llado I Rodriguez-Cuenca S Pujol E Gender effects on adrenergic receptor expression and lipolysis in white adipose tissue of rats Obes Res 2002 10 4 296 305 11943840
  • Ainslie DA Proietto J Fam BC Thorburn AW Short-term, high-fat diets lower circulating leptin concentrations in rats Am J Clin Nutr 2000 71 2 438 442 10648255
  • Frederich RC Hamann A Anderson S Lollmann B Lowell BB Flier JS Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet- induced resistance to leptin action Nat Med 1995 1 12 1311 1314 7489415
  • Pomplun D Voigt A Schulz TJ Thierbach R Pfeiffer AF Ristow M Reduced expression of mitochondrial frataxin in mice exacerbates diet-induced obesity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 104 15 6377 6381 17404227
  • Townsend KL Lorenzi MM Widmaier EP High-fat diet-induced changes in body mass and hypothalamic gene expression in wild-type and leptin-deficient mice Endocrine 2008 33 2 176 188 18483882
  • Houseknecht KL Baile CA Matteri RL Spurlock ME The biology of leptin: a review J Anim Sci 1998 76 5 1405 1420 9621947
  • Stanley S Wynne K McGowan B Bloom S Hormonal regulation of food intake Physiol Rev 2005 85 4 1131 1158 16183909
  • Little TJ Horowitz M Feinle-Bisset C Modulation by high-fat diets of gastrointestinal function and hormones associated with the regulation of energy intake: implications for the pathophysiology of obesity Am J Clin Nutr 2007 86 3 531 541 17823414
  • How JM Fam BC Verberne AJ Sartor DM High fat diet is associated with blunted splanchnic sympathoinhibitory responses to gastric leptin and cholecystokinin: implications for circulatory control Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011 300 3 H961 H967 21239630
  • Swartz TD Savastano DM Covasa M Reduced sensitivity to cholecystokinin in male rats fed a high-fat diet is reversible J Nutr 2010 140 9 1698 1703 20592106
  • Batterham RL Cohen MA Ellis SM Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36 N Engl J Med 2003 349 10 941 948 12954742
  • Batterham RL Heffron H Kapoor S Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation Cell Metab 2006 4 3 223 233 16950139
  • Ueno H Yamaguchi H Mizuta M Nakazato M The role of PYY in feeding regulation Regul Pept 2008 145 1–3 12 16 17920705
  • Karra E Chandarana K Batterham RL The role of peptide YY in appetite regulation and obesity J Physiol 2009 587 Pt 1 19 25 19064614
  • Adams SH Lei C Jodka CM PYY[3-36] administration decreases the respiratory quotient and reduces adiposity in diet-induced obese mice J Nutr 2006 136 1 195 201 16365082
  • Boey D Lin S Enriquez RF PYY transgenic mice are protected against diet-induced and genetic obesity Neuropeptides 2008 42 1 19 30 18164057
  • Sloth B Holst JJ Flint A Gregersen NT Astrup A Effects of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, glucose and fat metabolism in obese and lean subjects Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007 292 4 E1062 E1068 17148749
  • English PJ Ghatei MA Malik IA Bloom SR Wilding JP Food fails to suppress ghrelin levels in obese humans J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2002 87 6 2984
  • Hooper LE Foster-Schubert KE Weigle DS Sorensen B Ulrich CM McTiernan C Frequent intentional weight loss is associated with higher ghrelin and lower glucose and androgen levels in postmenopausal women Nutr Res 2010 30 3 163 170 20417876
  • Cummings DE Purnell JQ Frayo RS Schmidova K Wisse BE Weigle DS A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans Diabetes 2001 50 8 1714 1719 11473029
  • Erdmann J Tahbaz R Lippl F Wagenpfeil S Schusdziarra V Plasma ghrelin levels during exercise – effects of intensity and duration Regul Pept 2007 143 1–3 127 135 17570540
  • Prentice AM Manipulation of dietary fat and energy density and subsequent effects on substrate flux and food intake Am J Clin Nutr 1998 67 Suppl 3 535S 541S 9497166
  • Tagle MA Nutrition São Paulo Artes Médicas; 1981 Portuguese
  • Pike RL Brown ML Nutrition: An Integrated Approach New York, NY John Wiley & Sons 1967
  • Miller GD Hrupka BJ Gietzen DW Rogers QR Stern JS Rats on a macronutrient self-selection diet eat most meals from a single food cup Appetite 1994 23 1 67 78 7826058
  • Romieu I Willett WC Stampfer MJ Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight Am J Clin Nutr 1988 47 3 406 412 3348153
  • Wang H Storlien LH Huang XF Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 282 6 E1352 E1359 12006366
  • Matsuo T Suzuki M Beef tallow diet decreases lipoprotein lipase activities in brown adipose tissue, heart, and soleus muscle by reducing sympathetic activities in rats J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1994 40 6 569 581 7751975
  • Awad AB Zepp EA Alteration of rat adipose tissue lipolytic response to norepinephrine by dietary fatty acid manipulation Biochem Biophysiol Res Commun 1979 86 1 138 144
  • Takeuchi H Matsuo T Tokuyama K Shimomura Y Suzuki M Diet-induced thermogenesis is lower in rats fed a lard diet than in those fed a high oleic safflower oil diet, a safflower oil diet or a linseed oil diet J Nutr 1995 125 4 920 925 7722695
  • Takeuchi H Matsuo T Tokuyama K Suzuki M Effect of dietary fat type on beta-oxidation of brown adipose tissue and Na+ channel density of brain nerve membrane in rats J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1996 42 2 161 166 8780974
  • Power GW Newsholme EA Dietary fatty acids influence the activity and metabolic control of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in rat heart and skeletal muscle J Nutr 1997 127 11 2142 2150 9349840
  • Ivkovic-Lazar T Lepsanovic L Babic L Stokic E Tesic D Medic-Stojanoska M The metabolic X syndrome – 4 case reports Med Pregl 1992 45 5–6 210 214 Croatian 1365060
  • Hauner H Abdominal obesity and coronary heart disease. Pathophysiology and clinical significance Herz 1995 20 1 47 55 German 7713476
  • Kim JK Wi JK Youn JH Metabolic impairment precedes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle during high-fat feeding in rats Diabetes 1996 45 5 651 658 8621018
  • American Diabetes Association Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus Diabetes Care 1997 20 7 1183 1197 9203460
  • Haus JM Solomon TP Marchetti CM Edmison JM Gonzalez F Kirwan JP Free fatty acid-induced hepatic insulin resistance is attenuated following lifestyle intervention in obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 1 323 327 19906790
  • Nielsen S Guo Z Johnson CM Hensrud DD Jensen MD Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity J Clin Invest 2004 113 11 1582 1588 15173884
  • Lebovitz HE Banerji MA Point: visceral adiposity is causally related to insulin resistance Diabetes Care 2005 28 9 2322 2325 16123512
  • Weiss EP Brandauer J Kulaputana O FABP2 Ala54Thr genotype is associated with glucoregulatory function and lipid oxidation after a high-fat meal in sedentary nondiabetic men and women Am J Clin Nutr 2007 85 1 102 108 17209184
  • Silva MN Markland D Minderico CS A randomized controlled trial to evaluate self-determination theory for exercise adherence and weight control: rationale and intervention description BMC Public Health 2008 8 234 246 18613959
  • Manson JE Skerrett PJ Greenland P Vanltallie TB The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle. A call to action for clinicians Arch Intern Med 2004 164 3 249 258 14769621
  • Laaksonen DE Lakka HM Salonen JT Niskanen LK Rauramaa R Lakka TA Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome Diabetes Care 2002 25 9 1612 1618 12196436
  • Golay A Felber JP Meyer HU Curchod B Maeder E Jéquier E Study on lipid metabolism in obesity diabetes Metabolism 1984 33 2 111 116 6694554
  • Lancha AHJr Poortmans JR Pereira LO The effect of 5 days of aspartate and asparagine supplementation on glucose transport activity in rat muscle Cell Biochem Funct 2009 27 8 552 557 19821260
  • Felber JP Golay A Regulation of nutrient metabolism and energy expenditure Metabolism 1995 44 2 Suppl 2 4 9 7869936
  • Segues T Salvado J Arola L Alemany M Long-term effects of cafeteria diet feeding on young Wistar rats Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994 33 2 321 328 7951050
  • Gianotti M Roca P Palou A Body weight and tissue composition in rats made obese by a cafeteria diet. Effect of 24 hours starvation Horm Metab Res 1988 20 4 208 212 3397032
  • Sclafani A Springer D Kluge L Effect of quinine adulterated diets on the food intake and body weight of obese and non-obese hypothalamic hyperphagic rats Physiol Behav 1976 16 5 631 640 972956
  • Storlien LH James DE Burleigh KM Chisholm DJ Kraegen EW Fat feeding causes widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, and obesity in rats Am J Physiol 1986 251 5 Pt 1 E576 E583 3535532
  • Grundleger ML Thenen SW Decreased insulin binding, glucose transport, and glucose metabolism in soleus muscle of rats fed a high fat diet Diabetes 1982 31 3 232 237 6759239
  • Miller WJ Sherman WM Dodd H Ivy JL Influence of dietary carbohydrate on skeletal muscle glucose uptake Am J Clin Nutr 1985 41 3 526 532 3976551
  • Storlien LH Baur LA Kriketos AD Dietary fats and insulin action Diabetologia 1996 39 6 621 631 8781757
  • Rocchini AP Marker P Cervenka T Time course of insulin resistance associated with feeding dogs a high-fat diet Am J Physiol 1997 272 1 Pt 1 E147 E154 9038864
  • Han DH Hansen PA Host HH Holloszy JO Insulin resistance of muscle glucose transport in rats fed a high-fat diet: a reevaluation Diabetes 1997 46 11 1761 1767 9356023
  • Raubenheimer PJ Nyirenda MJ Walker BR A choline-deficient diet exacerbates fatty liver but attenuates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet Diabetes 2006 55 7 2015 2020 16804070
  • Nascimento EB Fodor M van der Zon GC Insulin-mediated phosphorylation of the proline-rich Akt substrate PRAS40 is impaired in insulin target tissues of high-fat diet-fed rats Diabetes 2006 55 12 3221 3228 17130464
  • Wilkes JJ Bonen A Bell RC A modified high-fat diet induces insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle but not adipocytes Am J Physiol 1998 275 4 Pt 1 E679 E686 9755088
  • Oakes ND Cooney GJ Camilleri S Chisholm DJ Kraegen EW Mechanisms of liver and muscle insulin resistance induced by chronic high-fat feeding Diabetes 1997 46 11 1768 1774 9356024
  • Kraegen EW Clark PW Jenkins AB Daley EA Chisholm DJ Storlien LH Development of muscle insulin resistance after liver insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats Diabetes 1991 40 11 1397 1403 1936601
  • Stein DT Stevenson BE Chester MW The insulinotropic potency of fatty acids is influenced profoundly by their chain length and degree of saturation J Clin Invest 1997 100 2 398 403 9218517
  • Hunnicutt JW Hardy RW Williford J McDonald JM Saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in rat adipocytes Diabetes 1994 43 4 540 545 8138059
  • Tebbey PW McGowan KM Stephens JM Buttke TM Pekala PH Arachidonic acid down-regulates the insulin-dependent glucose transporter gene (GLUT4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting transcription and enhancing mRNA turnover J Biol Chem 1994 269 1 639 644 8276864
  • Duplus E Glorian M Forest C Fatty acid regulation of gene transcription J Biol Chem 2000 275 40 30749 30752 10934217
  • Sparks LM Xie H Koza RA A high-fat diet coordinately down-regulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle Diabetes 2005 54 7 1926 1933 15983191
  • Tzatsos A Krandor V Nutrients suppress phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling via raptor-dependent mTOR-mediated insulin receptor substrate 1 phosphorylation Mol Cell Biol 2006 26 1 63 76 16354680
  • Reynolds TH4th Cinquino N Anthony M Phelps CB Berk EZ Insulin resistance without elevated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity in muscles of mice fed a high fat diet J App Physiol 2009 107 1479 1485
  • Lee IS Shin G Choue R Shifts in diet from high fat to high carbohydrate improved levels of adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice fed a high-fat diet Endocr J 2010 57 1 39 50 19822999
  • Yu R Kim CS Kwon BS Kawada T Mesenteric adipose tissue-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 plays a crucial role in adipose tissue macrophage migration and activation in obese mice Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006 14 8 1353 1362 16988077
  • Saltiel AR You are what you secrete Nat Med 2001 7 8 887 888 11479613
  • Jove M Planavila A Sanchez RM Merlos M Laguna JC Vazquez-Carrera M Palmitate induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells by a mechanism involving protein kinase C and nuclear factor-kappaB activation Endocrinology 2006 147 1 552 561 16223857
  • Borst SE Lee Y Conover CF Shek EW Bagby GJ Neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha reverses insulin resistance in skeletal muscle but not adipose tissue Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004 287 5 E934 E938 15213061
  • Coelho DF Gualano B Artioli GG Exercise training attenuates lipectomy-induced impaired glucose tolerance in rats Endocr Regul 2009 43 3 107 116 19817505
  • Zierath JR Houseknecht KL Gnudi L Kahn BB High-fat feeding impairs insulin-stimulated GLUT-4 recruitment via an early insulin-signaling defect Diabetes 1997 46 2 215 223 9000697
  • Pereira LO Lancha AHJr Effect of insulin and contraction up on glucose transport in skeletal muscle Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2004 84 1 1 27 14642866
  • Lancha AHJr Physical activity, amino acids supplementation and peripheral insulin resistance Rev Paul Educ Fis 1996 10 68 75 Portuguese
  • Lancha AHJr Effect of amino acids supplementation (aspartate and asparagine) upon glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle PhD thesis Sao Paulo University of Sao Paulo 1997 Portuguese
  • Zierath JR In vitro studies of human skeletal muscle: hormonal and metabolic regulation of glucose transport Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1995 626 1 96 8525841
  • Lichtenstein AH Kennedy E Barrier P Dietary fat consumption and health Nutr Rev 1998 56 5 S3 S28 9624878
  • Ryu MH Sohn HS Heo YR Moustaid-Moussa N Cha YS Differential regulation of hepatic gene expression by starvation versus refeeding following a high-sucrose or high-fat diet Nutrition 2005 21 4 543 552 15811778
  • Liu HY Zheng G Zhu H Woldegiorgis G Hormonal and nutritional regulation of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene expression in vivo Arch Biochem Biophys 2007 465 2 437 442 17673163
  • Koves TR Ussher JR Noland RC Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance Cell Metab 2008 7 1 45 56 18177724
  • Bruce CR Hoy AJ Turner N Overexpression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in skeletal muscle is sufficient to enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance Diabetes 2009 58 3 550 558 19073774
  • Newsholme EA Leech AR Biochemistry for the Medical Sciences New York, NY John Wiley & Sons 1988
  • Marshall S Garvey WT Traxinger RR New insights into the metabolic regulation of insulin action and insulin resistance: role of glucose and amino acids FASEB J 1991 5 15 3031 3036 1743436
  • Traxinger RR Marshall SL Coordinated regulation of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase activity by insulin, glucose, and glutamine. Role of hexosamine biosynthesis in enzyme regulation J Biol Chem 1991 266 16 10148 10154 2037571
  • Lancha AHJr Santos MF Palanch AC Curi R Supplementation of aspartate, asparagine and carnitine in the diet causes marked changes in the ultrastructure of soleus muscle J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1997 29 3 405 408 9267050
  • Rennie MJ Edwards RH Krywawych S Effect of exercise on protein turnover in man Clin Sci (Lond) 1981 61 5 627 639 7285508
  • Suzuki K Ohno S Calcium activated neutral protease – structure– function relationship and functional implications Cell Struct Funct 1990 15 1 1 6 2187619
  • Schwartz MW Baskin DG Kaiyala KJ Woods SC Model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system Am J Clin Nutr 1999 69 4 584 596 10197558
  • Rohner-Jeanrenaud F Jeanrenaud B Involvement of the cholinergic system in insulin and glucagon oversecretion of genetic preobesity Endocrinology 1985 116 2 830 834 3881249
  • Nogueiras R Perez-Tilve D Veyrat-Durebex C Direct control of peripheral lipid deposition by CNS GLP-1 receptor signaling is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and blunted in diet-induced obesity J Neurosci 2009 29 18 5916 5925 19420258
  • Williams NI Reed JL Leidy HJ Legro RS De Souza MJ Estrogen and progesterone exposure is reduced in response to energy deficiency in women aged 25–40 years Hum Reprod 2010 25 9 2328 2339 20605898
  • Tymchuk CN Tessler SB Barnard RJ Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin, and serum lipids in postmenopausal women on a low-fat, high-fiber diet combined with exercise Nutr Cancer 2000 38 2 158 162 11525592
  • Hajamor S Despres JP Couillard C Relationship between sex hormone-binding globulin levels and features of the metabolic syndrome Metabolism 2003 52 6 724 730 12800098
  • Sclafani A Springer D Dietary obesity in adult rats: similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes Physiol Behav 1976 17 3 461 471 1013192
  • Pereira LO Francischi RP Lancha AHJr Obesity: nutritional habits, sedentary lifestyle and insulin resistance Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2003 47 117 127 Portuguese
  • Festing MFW The inheritance of obesity in animal models of obesity Festing MFW Animal Models of Obesity London Oxford University Press 1979 15 37
  • York DA Genetic models of animal obesity Björntorp P Brodoff BN Obesity Philadelphia, PA JB Lippincott Company 1992 233 240
  • James WPT Dauncey MJ Jung RT Shetty PS Trayhurn P Comparisons of genetic models of obesity in animals with obesity in man Festing MFW Animal Models of Obesity London Oxford University Press 1979 221 235
  • Dengel DR Hagberg JM Pratley RE Rogus EM Goldberg AP Improvements in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipoprotein lipids after aerobic exercise plus weight loss in obese, hypertensive middle-aged men Metabolism 1998 47 9 1075 1082 9751236
  • Seidell JC Obesity insulin resistance and diabetes – a worldwide epidemic Br J Nutr 2000 83 Suppl 1 S5 S8 10889785
  • Keys A Aravanis C Van Buchem F The diet and all-causes death rate in the Seven Countries Study Lancet 1981 2 8237 58 61 6113438
  • Sclafani A Dietary obesity models Björntorp P Brodoff BN Obesity Philadelphia, PA JB Lippincott Company 1992 241 248
  • Moore BJ The cafeteria diet – an inappropriate tool for studies of thermogenesis J Nutr 1987 117 2 227 231 3550006
  • Rothwell NJ Stock MJ The cafeteria diet as a tool for studies of thermogenesis J Nutr 1988 118 8 925 928 3042931
  • Argilles JM The rise and fall of the cafeteria diet: some observations J Nutr 1988 118 12 1593 1594 3210086
  • Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) Consumer expenditure survey 2002–2003 Analysis of the household availability of food and nutritional status in Brazil Rio de Janeiro Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 2004
  • American Heart Association Fats and oils: AHA recommendation [web page on the Internet] Dallas, TX American Heart Association 2012 Available from: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Fats-and-Oils-AHA-Recommendation_UCM_316375_Article.jsp Accessed February 17, 2011
  • Haffner SM Valdez RA Hazuda HP Mitchell BD Morales PA Stern MP Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X) Diabetes 1992 41 6 715 722 1587398