Detrimental Effect of C-Reactive Protein on the Cardiometabolic Cells and Its Rectifying by Metabolic Surgery in Obese Diabetic Patients

References

• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018;138(17):e426–e483. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastra G, Syed S, Kurukulasuriya LR, Manrique C, Sowers JR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014;43(1):103–122. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;444(7121):875–880. doi:10.1038/nature05487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. 9. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in Diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl Supplement 1):S86–S104. doi:10.2337/dc18-S009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cabandugama PK, Gardner MJ, Sowers JR. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system in obesity and hypertension: roles in the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(1):129–137. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hevener AL, Febbraio MA, Group tSCW. The 2009 stock conference report: inflammation, obesity and metabolic disease. Obes Rev. 2010;11(9):635–644. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00691.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic links between obesity, diabetes, and blood pressure: role of perivascular adipose tissue. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1701–1763. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmas E, Venteclef N, Caer C, et al. T cell-derived IL-22 amplifies IL-1beta-driven inflammation in human adipose tissue: relevance to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2014;63(6):1966–1977. doi:10.2337/db13-1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westover AJ, Johnston KA. An immunomodulatory device improves insulin resistance in obese porcine model of metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes res. 2016;2016:3486727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deraz TE, Kamel TB, El-Kerdany TA, El-Ghazoly HMA. High-sensitivity C reactive protein as a biomarker for grading of childhood asthma in relation to clinical classification, induced sputum cellularity, and spirometry. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(3):220–225. doi:10.1002/ppul.21539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh EJ, Lim JW, Ko KO, Cheon EJ. A useful predictor of early atherosclerosis in obese children: serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;22(2):192–197.
   Google Scholar
• Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Matsuzawa Y. Reciprocal association of C-Reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation. 2003;107(5):671–674. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000055188.83694.B3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi AP, Fantin F, Zamboni GA, Mazzali G, Zamboni M. Predictors of ectopic fat accumulation in liver and pancreas in obese men and women. Obesity. 2011;19(9):1747–1754. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataille R, Klein B. C-reactive protein levels as a direct indicator of interleukin-6 levels in humans in vivo. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;35(8):982–983.
   Google Scholar
• Yap S, Moshage H, Hazenberg B, et al. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibits interleukin (IL)-1 and/or IL-6 stimulated synthesis of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J Hepatol. 1989;9(SUPPL. 1):S97. doi:10.1016/0168-8278(89)90370-X
   Google Scholar
• Tsuriya D, Morita H, Morioka T, et al. Significant correlation between visceral adiposity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in Japanese subjects. Internal Med. 2011;50(22):2767–2773. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5908
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visser M. Elevated C-Reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA. 1999;282(22):2131–2135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca FA, Izar I. High-sensitivity C-Reactive protein and cardiovascular disease across countries and ethnicities. Clinics. 2016;71(4):235–242. doi:10.6061/clinics/2016(04)11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Nyyssönen K, et al. C-reactive protein and the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetologia. 2004;47(8):1403–1410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Nie H, He H, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts target organ damage in Chinese patients with metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2007;56(12):1612–1619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han TS, Sattar N, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Lean MEJ, Haffner SM. Prospective study of C-Reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City diabetes study. Diabetes care. 2002;25(11):2016–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anty R, Bekri S, Luciani N, et al. The inflammatory C-Reactive protein is increased in both liver and adipose tissue in severely obese patients independently from metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and NASH. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(8):1824–1833. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00724.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekri S, Gual P, Anty R, et al. Increased adipose tissue expression of hepcidin in severe obesity is independent from diabetes and NASH. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(3):788–796. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Noble NA, Zhang J, Xu C, Border WA. Renin-stimulated TGF-β1 expression is regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase in mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2007;72(1):45–52. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitturi S, George J. Hepatotoxicity of commonly used drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic agents, anticonvulsants, lipid-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs. Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22(02):169–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Genser L, Barrat C. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes −5- year outcomes. Obésité. 2017;12(1):65–67. doi:10.1007/s11690-017-0567-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jirapinyo P, Haas AV, Thompson CC. Effect of the duodenal-jejunal bypass liner on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes with obesity: a meta-analysis with secondary analysis on weight loss and hormonal changes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):1106. doi:10.2337/dc17-1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G, Association AD. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2018;33(Suppl 1):S62–S69.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis JPA. Diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines and in the real world. JAMA. 2018;319(2):115. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti G, Zimmet P, Shaw J, Grundy SM. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Nakashima H, Miho N, Ishida M, et al. 4P-1129 role of Ras-ERK pathway and c-Src in angiotensin II-induced osteopontin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atheroscler Suppl. 2003;4(2):323. doi:10.1016/S1567-5688(03)91385-7
   Google Scholar
• Han C, Liu J, Liu X, Li M. Angiotensin II induces C-reactive protein expression through ERK1/2 and JNK signaling in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212(1):206–212. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh H, Hayashi T, Sato KK, et al. Visceral adiposity, not abdominal subcutaneous fat area, is associated with high blood pressure in Japanese men: the Ohtori study. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(5):565. doi:10.1038/hr.2010.271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lv X Zhou W, Sun J, et al.Visceral adiposity is significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese women: a cross‐sectional study. J Diabetes. 2016;9(10):920–928. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uemura H, Katsuura-Kamano S, Yamaguchi M, Bahari T, Arisawa K. Relationships of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and body size with insulin resistance in a Japanese cohort. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178672. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Infantes D, Stephens JM. Role of Adipose Tissue in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Springer International Publishing; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hao WR, Li-Chin S, Chun-Chao C, et al. Cafestol inhibits cyclic-strain-induced interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular endothelial cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:1–10. doi:10.1155/2018/7861518
   Google Scholar
• Larsen SB, Grove EL, Wurtz M, Neergaard-Petersen S, Hvas AM, Kristensen SD. The influence of low-grade inflammation on platelets in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(3):519–529. doi:10.1160/TH14-12-1007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Procter NE, Ball J, Ngo DT, et al. Platelet hyperaggregability in patients with atrial fibrillation. Evidence of a background proinflammatory milieu. Herz. 2016;41(1):57–62. doi:10.1007/s00059-015-4335-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quadri SS, Culver S, Ramkumar N, Kohan DE, Siragy HM. (Pro)Renin receptor mediates obesity-induced antinatriuresis and elevated blood pressure via upregulation of the renal epithelial sodium channel. PloS one. 2018;13(8):e0202419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eriksson U, Danilczyk U, Penninger JM. Just the beginning: novel functions for angiotensin-converting enzymes. Curr Biol. 2002;12(21):R745–R752. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01255-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang C-W, Lu L-C, Chang -C-C, et al. Imbalanced plasma ACE and ACE2 level in the uremic patients with cardiovascular diseases and its change during a single hemodialysis session. Ren Fail. 2017;39(1):719–728. doi:10.1080/0886022X.2017.1398665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong J, Zhu ZM, Yang YJ. Inhibition of PKC and ERK1/2 in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells by angiotensin-(1-7). Acta Physiol Sin. 2001;53(5):361–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xie J-Y, Chen N, Ren H, Wang W-M. Angiotensin II-mediated activation of fibrotic pathways through ERK1/2 in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Ren Fail. 2010;32(7):871–879. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2010.494807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei WN, Hu HJ, Liu F, Xiao B, Zuo YB, Cui W. C-reactive protein aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(7):492–503. doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.07.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen NT, Varela JE. Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic disorders: state of the art. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(3):160–169. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appachi S, Kashyap SR. ‘Adiposopathy’ and cardiovascular disease: the benefits of bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013;28(5):540–546. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283642a33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazidi M, de Caravatto PP, Speakman JR, Cohen RV. Mechanisms of action of surgical interventions on weight-related diseases: the potential role of bile acids. Obes Surg. 2017;27(3):826–836. doi:10.1007/s11695-017-2549-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew CA, Umashanker D, Aronne LJ, Shukla AP. Intestinal and gastric origins for diabetes resolution after bariatric surgery. Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7(2):139–146. doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0302-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hage MP, Safadi B, Salti I, Nasrallah M. Role of gut-related peptides and other hormones in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. ISRN Endocrinol. 2012;2012:504756. doi:10.5402/2012/504756
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu Z, Wei X, Sun F, et al. Non-insulin determinant pathways maintain glucose homeostasis upon metabolic surgery. Cell Discovery. 2018;4(1):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang H, Pu Y, Chen J, et al. Gastrointestinal intervention ameliorates high blood pressure through antagonizing overdrive of the sympathetic nerve in hypertensive patients and rats. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(5):e000929. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.000929
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pardina E, Ferrer R, Baena-Fustegueras JA, et al. Only C-reactive protein, but not TNF-alpha or IL6, reflects the improvement in inflammation after bariatric surgery. Obesity surgery. 2012;22(1):131–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He H, Zhao Z, Chen J, et al. Metformin-based treatment for obesity-related hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2012;30(7):1430–1439. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328353e249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar