173
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Metabolic Syndrome and Prediabetes Among Yemeni School-Aged Children

, , &
Pages 2563-2572 | Published online: 20 Jul 2020

References

  • Rhodes E, Prosser L, Hoerger T, Lieu T, Ludwig D, Laffel L. Estimated morbidity and mortality in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2012;29(4):453–463. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03542.x
  • Pettitt DJ, Talton J, Dabelea D, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in U.S. youth in 2009: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):402‐408. doi:10.2337/dc13-1838
  • Saydah S, Imperatore G, Geiss L. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus among US adolescents: results from the continuous NHANES, 1999–2010. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(3):395‐396. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt276
  • Dean HJ, Sellers EA. Children have type 2 diabetes too: an historical perspective. Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;93(5):425‐429. doi:10.1139/bcb-2014-0152
  • Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA. 2014;311:1778–1786. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3201
  • Lee JH, Kim YM, Kwak MJ, et al. Incidence trends and associated factors of diabetes mellitus in Korean children and adolescents: a retrospective cohort study in Busan and Gyeongnam. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015;20:206–212. doi:10.6065/apem.2015.20.4.206
  • Fazeli Farsani S, Van Der Aa MP, Van Der Vorst MM, Knibbe CA, De Boer A. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia. 2013;56:1471–1488. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2915-z
  • Hamman RF, Bell RA, Dabelea D, et al. The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study: rationale, findings, and future directions. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:3336–3344. doi:10.2337/dc14-0574
  • Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1419–1429. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1610187
  • Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, et al. Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2515–2520. doi:10.2337/dc12-0669
  • Haines L, Wan KC, Lynn R, Barrett TG, Shield JPH. Rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in children in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1097–1101. doi:10.2337/dc06-1813
  • Candler TP, Mahmoud O, Lynn RM, Majbar AA, Barrett TG, Shield JPH. Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK. Diabet Med. 2018;35(6):737–744. doi:10.1111/dme.13609
  • Al-Rubeaan K. National surveillance for type 1, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among children and adolescents: a population based study (SAUDI-DM). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:1045–1051. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205710
  • Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2014: type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(Suppl 20):26–46. doi:10.1111/pedi.12179
  • Wilmot EG, Davies MJ, Yates T, Benhalima K, Lawrence IG, Khunti K. Type 2 diabetes in younger adults: the emerging UK epidemic. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86:711–718. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2010.100917
  • Olds T, Maher C, Zumin S, et al. Evidence that the prevalence of childhood overweight is plateauing: data from nine countries. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(5–6):342–360. doi:10.3109/17477166.2011.605895
  • Lascar N, Brown J, Pattison H, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ, Bellary S. Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(1):69‐80. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30186-9
  • van Jaarsveld CH, Gulliford MC. Childhood obesity trends from primary care electronic health records in England between 1994 and 2013: population-based cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:214–219. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-307151
  • Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007–2008 to 2015–2016. JAMA. 2018;319(16):1723–1725. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3060
  • Ng SW, Zaghloul S, Ali HI, Harrison G, Popkin BM. The prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition related non-communicable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States. Obes Rev. 2011;12:1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00750.x
  • Higgins V, Adeli K. Pediatric metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and laboratory assessment. EJIFCC. 2017;28(1):25–42.
  • Felix A, John RM. Pediatric metabolic syndrome. Nurse Pract. 2019;44(7):18–25. doi:10.1097/01.NPR.0000559841.45754.73
  • Ford ES, Li C. Defining the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: will the real definition please stand up? J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):160–164. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.07.056
  • Vanlancker T, Schaubroeck E, Vyncke K, et al. Comparison of definitions for the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: the HELENA study. Eur J Pediatr. 2017;176(2):241–252. doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2831-6
  • Tailor AM, Peeters PH, Norat T, Vineis P, Romaquera D. An update on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(3):202–213. doi:10.3109/17477160903281079
  • Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F. Metabolic syndrome in youth: chimera or useful concept? Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(1):56–62. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0331-2
  • Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281(1):123–140. doi:10.1111/nyas.12030
  • Weiss R, Santoro N, Giannini C, Galderisi A, Umano GR, Caprio S. Prediabetes in youths: mechanisms and biomarkers. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1:240–248. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30044-5
  • American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(suppl 1):S81–90. doi:10.2337/dc14-S081
  • Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimaki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012;379:2279–2290. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9
  • Smyth S, Heron A. Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics. Nat Med. 2006;12:75–80. doi:10.1038/nm0106-75
  • Zhu H, Zhang X, Li MZ, Xie J, Yang XL. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes among overweight or obese children in Tianjin, China. Diabet Med. 2013;30(12):1457‐1465. doi:10.1111/dme.12269
  • Zvarova K, Zvarova Z, Callas P, Malone‐Rising D. New estimates of pre‐diabetes and type 2 diabetes prevalence in Mexican Quintana Roo. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2013;33(1):8‐12. doi:10.1007/s13410-012-0101-3
  • Al Amiri E, Abdullatif M, Abdulle A, et al. The prevalence, risk factors, and screening measure for prediabetes and diabetes among Emirati overweight/obese children and adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1298–1306. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2649-6
  • Spurr S, Bally J, Allan D, Bullin C, McNair E. Prediabetes: an emerging public health concern in adolescents. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;2:e00060. doi:10.1002/edm2.60
  • Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat. 2000;2002(246):1–190.
  • Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Kaufman F, et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: an IDF consensus repot. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(5):299–306. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00271.x
  • Moussa MA, Alsaeid M, Abdella N, Refai TM, Al-Sheikh N, Gomez JE. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti children and adolescents. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17:270–275. doi:10.1159/000129604
  • El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Al-Swailem AR, Al-Swailem AM, Sulaimani R. Diabetes mellitus as a health problem in Saudi Arabia and its complications. East Mediterr Health J. 1998;4:58–67.
  • Atabek ME, Eklioglu BS, Akyurek N. Reevaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban area of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2013;5:50–54. doi:10.4274/Jcrpe.778
  • Vijayakumar P, Nelson RG, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sinha M. HbA1c and the prediction of type 2 diabetes in children and adults. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:16–21. doi:10.2337/dc16-1358
  • Hagman E, Danielsson P, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Marcus C. Association between impaired fasting glycaemia in pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes in young adulthood. Nutr Diabetes. 2016;6:e227. doi:10.1038/nutd.2016.34
  • Weiss R, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, Burgert TS, Savoye M, Caprio S. Predictors of changes in glucose tolerance status in obese youth. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:902–909. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.4.902
  • Schwandt P, Kelishadi R, Ribeiro RQ, Haas GM, Poursafa P. A three-country study on the components of the metabolic syndrome in youths: the big study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5:334–341. doi:10.3109/17477160903497043
  • Haroun D, Mechli R, Sahuri R, et al. Metabolic syndrome among adolescents in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is attributable to the high prevalence of low HDL levels: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:Article no. 1284. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6215-x
  • Cizmecioglu FM, Etiler N, Hamzaoglu O, Hatun S. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in schoolchildren and adolescents in Turkey: a population based study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009;22:703–714. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.8.703
  • Zorzi A, Wahi G, Macnab AJ, Panagiotopoulos C. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and the components of metabolic syndrome in Canadian Tsimshian Nation youth. Can J Rural Med. 2009;14:61–67.
  • Rizk N, Amin M, Yousef M. A pilot study on metabolic syndrome and its associated features among Qatari school children. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:521–525. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S21103
  • Battaloglu IB. Metabolic syndrome in school children in Mardin, South-Eastern of Turkey. Eurasian J Med. 2014;46(3):156–163. doi:10.5152/eajm.2014.39
  • Iqbal AZ, Basharat S, Basharat A, Basharat S. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its component abnormalities among school age Pakistani children. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014;26(2):194–199.
  • Taheri F, Namakin K, Zardast M, Chakand T, Kazemi T, Bijari B. Cardiovascular risk factors: a study on the prevalence of MS among 11–18 years old school children in East of Iran, 2012. Nutr Food Sci Res. 2015;2(1):27–34.
  • Xu H, Li Y, Liu A, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among children from six cities of China. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:13–20. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-13
  • Zardast M, Namakin K, Chahkandi T, Taheri F, Kazemi T, Bijari B. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in elementary school children in East of Iran. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2015;7(4):158–163. doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2015.34
  • Wang Q, Yin J, Xu L, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Chinese schoolchildren: comparison of two definitions and assessment of adipokines as components by factor analysis. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:Article no. 249. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-249
  • Zaki ME, Mohamed SK, Bahgat KA, Kholoussi SM. Metabolic syndrome components in obese Egyptian children. Ann Saudi Med. 2012;32(6):603–610. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2012.603
  • Druet C, Ong K, Levy Marchal C. Metabolic syndrome in children: comparison of the International Diabetes Federation 2007 consensus with an adapted National Cholesterol Education Program definition in 300 overweight and obese French children. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:181–186. doi:10.1159/000284359
  • Elizondo-Montemayor L, Serrano-González M, Ugalde-Casas PA, Cuello-García C, Borbolla-Escoboza JR. Metabolic syndrome risk factors among a sample of overweight and obese Mexican children. J Clin Hypertens. 2010;12:380–387. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00263.x
  • Steinberger J, Daniels SR. Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation. 2003;107:1448–1453. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000060923.07573.f2
  • Li Y, Yang X, Zhai F, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:565–570. doi:10.1017/S0007114507797064
  • Rosini N, Moura SA, Rosini RD, Machado MJ, Silva EL. Metabolic syndrome and importance of associated variables in children and adolescents in Guabiruba - SC, Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(1):37–44. doi:10.5935/abc.20150040
  • Al-Daghri NM. Extremely high prevalence of metabolic syndrome manifestations among Arab youth: a call for early intervention. Eur J Clin Investig. 2010;40(12):1063–1066. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02341.x
  • Mehairi AE, Khouri AA, Naqbi MM, et al. Metabolic syndrome among Emirati adolescents: a school based study. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56159. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056159
  • Wakil SM, Ram R, Muiya NP, et al. A common variant association study reveals novel susceptibility loci for low HDL-cholesterol levels in ethnic Arabs. Clin Genet. 2016;90(6):518–525. doi:10.1111/cge.12761
  • El Mouzan MI, Foster PJ, Al Herbish AS, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents. Ann Saudi Med. 2010;30(3):203–208. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.62833
  • Al-Thani M, Al-Thani A, Al-Chetachi W, Akram H. Obesity and related factors among children and adolescents in Qatar. Int J Basic Sci Med. 2017;2(4):161–165. doi:10.15171/ijbsm.2017.30
  • Al Junaibi A, Abdulle A, Sabri S, Hag-Ali M, Nagelkerke N. The prevalence and potential determinants of obesity among school children and adolescents in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Int J Obes. 2013;37(1):68–74. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.131
  • Musaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in eastern Mediterranean region: prevalence and possible causes. J Obes. 2011;2011:e407237. doi:10.1155/2011/407237
  • Juonala M, Magnussen C, Berenson G, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(20):1876–1885. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010112
  • Zimmermann E, Bjerregaard LG, Gamborg M, Vaag AA, Sorensen TIA, Baker JL. Childhood body mass index and development of type 2 diabetes throughout adult life: a large-scale Danish cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017;25:965–971. doi:10.1002/oby.21820
  • Bjerregaard LG, Jensen BW, Angquist L, Osler M, Sorensen TI, Baker JL. Change in overweight from childhood to early adulthood and risk of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1302–1312. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1713231
  • Thomas NE, Rowe DA, Murtagh EM, Stephens JW, Williams R. Associations between metabolic syndrome components and markers of inflammation in Welsh school children. Eur J Pediatrics. 2018;177:409–417. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-3065-y
  • Johnson WD, Kroon JJ, Greenway FL, Bouchard C, Ryan D, Katzmarzyk PT. Prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adolescents: national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2006). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(4):371–377. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.3
  • Panagiotopoulos C, Hadjiyannakis S, Henderson M. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(Suppl 1):S247‐S254. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.037
  • Bell L, Hung J, Knuiman M, et al. Body mass index and waist circumference: relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors in children - Busselton Health Study 2005–2007. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013;49:955–962. doi:10.1111/jpc.12298
  • Sardinha LB, Santos DA, Silva AM, Grøntved A, Andersen LB, Ekelund U. A comparison between BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardio-metabolic risk in children and adolescents. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149351. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149351
  • Makbul Aman A, Rasyid H, Bakri S, Patellongi IJ. The association between parents history of Type 2 diabetes with metabolic syndrome component and insulin resistance in non-diabetic young adult male. Acta Med Indones. 2018;50(4):309–313.
  • Bi C, Wang L, Sun C, et al. Association between normal triglyceride and insulin resistance in US adults without other risk factors: A cross-sectional study from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2014. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e028652. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028652
  • Mlinar B, Marc J, Janez A, Pfeifer M. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;375:20–35. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.005
  • Fonseca VA. The metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Clin Cornerstone. 2005;7:61–72. doi:10.1016/S1098-3597(05)80069-9
  • Sathiyapriya V, Bobby Z, Agrawal A, Selvaraj N. Protein glycation, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function in high-risk, non-diabetic, first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53(2):163–168.
  • Usgaokari AP, Dhume CY, Amonkar SD. Comparative assessment of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetics and non-diabetics. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2012;3(1):405–413.
  • Tobisch B, Blatniczky L, Barkai L. Cardiometabolic risk factors and insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: relation to puberty. Pediatr Obes. 2015;10:37–44. doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00202.x
  • Yin J, Li M, Xu L, et al. Insulin resistance determined by Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and associations with metabolic syndrome among Chinese children and teenagers. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5:71. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-71
  • Shashaj B, Luciano R, Contoli B, et al. Reference ranges of HOMA-IR in normal-weight and obese young Caucasians. Acta Diabetol. 2015;53:251–260. doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0782-4
  • Dayeh T, Ling C. Does epigenetic dysregulation of pancreatic islets contribute to impaired insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes? Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;93:511–521. doi:10.1139/bcb-2015-0057