Antidiabetic Effects of Physical Activity: How It Helps to Control Type 2 Diabetes

References

• Fowler MJ. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2008;26:77–82. doi:10.2337/diaclin.26.2.77
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhury A, Duvoor C, Reddy Dendi VS, et al. Clinical review of antidiabetic drugs: implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Front Endocrinol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• American diabetes association standards of medical care in diabetes—2018; 2018. Available from: https://diabetesed.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2018-ADA-Standards-of-Care.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Allen L, Williams J, Townsend N, et al. Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e277–89. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30058-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira C, Simões M, Carvalho J, Ribeiro J. Combined exercise for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98:187–198. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci. 2014;11:1185–1200. doi:10.7150/ijms.10001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roden M, Shulman GI. The integrative biology of type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2019;576:51–60. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1797-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbold C. Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk and exercise: is resistin involved? J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08258-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dos Santos JM, Moreli ML, Tewari S, Benite-Ribeiro SA. The effect of exercise on skeletal muscle glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: an epigenetic perspective. Metabolism. 2015;64:1619–1628. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Patti M-E. Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. In: Santulli G, editor. Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiovascular Medicine. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017:465–520. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_25
   Google Scholar
• The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375:2215–2222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemps H, Kränkel N, Dörr M, et al. Exercise training for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what to pursue and how to do it. A Position Paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:709–727. doi:10.1177/2047487318820420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kharroubi AT. Diabetes mellitus: the epidemic of the century. WJD. 2015;6:850. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850
   Google Scholar
• Bhutani J, Bhutani S. Worldwide burden of diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18:868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heydari I, Radi V, Razmjou S, Amiri A. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus in newly diagnosed patients. Int J Diabetes Mellit. 2010;2:61–63. doi:10.1016/j.ijdm.2009.08.001
   Google Scholar
• King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414–1431. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.9.1414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–1053. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:40–50. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standl E, Khunti K, Hansen TB, Schnell O. The global epidemics of diabetes in the 21st century: current situation and perspectives. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(2_suppl):7–14. doi:10.1177/2047487319881021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekoru K, Doumatey A, Bentley AR, et al. Type 2 diabetes complications and comorbidity in Sub-Saharan Africans. EClinicalMedicine. 2019;16:30–41. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.09.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harding JL, Pavkov ME, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Gregg EW. Global trends in diabetes complications: a review of current evidence. Diabetologia. 2019;62:3–16. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4711-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naslafkih A, Sestier F. Diabetes mellitus related morbidity, risk of hospitalization and disability. J Insur Med. 2003;35:102–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertoni AG, Krop JS, Anderson GF, Brancati FL. Diabetes-related morbidity and mortality in a national sample of U.S. elders. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:471–475. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.3.471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Seattle, WA: IHME; 2018. Available from: http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2019/GBD_2017_Booklet.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• van Dierena S, Beulensa JWJ, van der Schouwa YT, Grobbeea DE, Nealb B. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(Suppl 1):S3–S8. doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000368191.86614.5a
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):972]. Diabetes Care. 2003;26 Suppl 1:S33–S50. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s33
   Google Scholar
• Abdul Basith Khan M, Jawad Hashim M, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10:107–111. doi:10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380:219–229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín-Peñalver JJ, Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Del Cañizo-Gómez FJ. Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. WJD. 2016;7:354. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.354
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich E, Schaper N, de Vries N. Self-management interventions for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Eur Diabetes Nurs. 2010;7:71–76. doi:10.1002/edn.160
   Google Scholar
• Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;48:177–187. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00032-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Venkat Narayan KM. Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:561–587. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.3.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy A, Narendran P, Andrews RC, Daley A, Greenfield SM. Attitudes and barriers to exercise in adults with a recent diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of participants in the Exercise for Type 1 Diabetes (EXTOD) study. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e017813. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017813
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor HL. Physical activity: is it still a risk factor? Prev Med. 1983;12:20–24. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(83)90164-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO | Physical Activity. WHO; 2020. Available from: Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/. Accessed April 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dasso NA. How is exercise different from physical activity? A concept analysis: DASSO. Nurs Forum. 2019;54:45–52. doi:10.1111/nuf.12296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal RJ, Armstrong MJ, Bacon SL, et al. Physical activity and diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42:S54–63. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128:873–934. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herriott MT, Colberg SR, Parson HK, Nunnold T, Vinik AI. Effects of 8 weeks of flexibility and resistance training in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2988–2989. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008:683. Available from: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/paguide.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lobelo F, Rohm Young D, Sallis R, et al. Routine assessment and promotion of physical activity in healthcare settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seo DY, Ko JR, Jang JE, et al. Exercise as a potential therapeutic target for diabetic cardiomyopathy: insight into the underlying mechanisms. IJMS. 2019;20:6284. doi:10.3390/ijms20246284
   Google Scholar
• Coen PM, Tanner CJ, Helbling NL, et al. Clinical trial demonstrates exercise following bariatric surgery improves insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:248–257. doi:10.1172/JCI78016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesi L, Moscatiello S, Malavolti M, Marzocchi R, Marchesini G. Physical activity for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. Intern Emerg Med. 2013;8:655–666. doi:10.1007/s11739-013-0953-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostman C, Smart NA, Morcos D, Duller A, Ridley W, Jewiss D. The effect of exercise training on clinical outcomes in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:110. doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0590-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56:441–447. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2065–2079. doi:10.2337/dc16-1728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thent ZC, Das S, Henry LJ. Role of exercise in the management of diabetes mellitus: the global scenario. PLoS One. 2013;8:e80436. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourtoglou GI. Insulin therapy and exercise. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93:S73–7. doi:10.1016/S0168-8227(11)70017-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King AC, Guralnik JM. Maximizing the potential of an aging population. JAMA. 2010;304:1944. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklett EJ, Semba RD, Xue Q-L, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and mortality in older community-dwelling women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:862–868. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03924.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343–1350. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105033441801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams P. The impact of brief high-intensity exercise on blood glucose levels. DMSO. 2013;113. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S29222.
   Google Scholar
• Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, Allgrove JE, Moir HJ. Effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with physical activity breaks on blood glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50:295–330. doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01183-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson K-F, Lindgarde F. Prevention of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise The 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia. 1991;34:891–898. doi:10.1007/BF00400196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulve EA. Exercise and glycemic control in diabetes: benefits, challenges, and adjustments to pharmacotherapy. Phys Ther. 2008;88:1297–1321. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurlo F, Trevisan C, Vitturi N, et al. One-year caloric restriction and 12-week exercise training intervention in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: emphasis on metabolic control and resting metabolic rate. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42:1497–1507. doi:10.1007/s40618-019-01090-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Sigal RJ. Exercise as medicine: key concepts in discussing physical activity with patients who have type 2 diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2015;39:S129–33. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.09.081
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bao W, Tobias DK, Bowers K, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with risk of progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1047. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins SA, Artal R. The role of exercise in reducing the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2013;9:569–581. doi:10.2217/WHE.13.52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mottola MF, Artal R. Role of exercise in reducing gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;59:620–628. doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu Y, Xie R, Shen C, Shu L. Effect of exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31:1632–1637. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1319929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sklempe Kokic I, Ivanisevic M, Biolo G, Simunic B, Kokic T, Pisot R. Combination of a structured aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. A randomised controlled trial. Women Birth. 2018;31:e232–8. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sklempe Kokic I, Ivanisevic M, Kokic T, Simunic B, Pisot R. Acute responses to structured aerobic and resistance exercise in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28:1793–1800. doi:10.1111/sms.13076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison AL, Shields N, Taylor NF, Frawley HC. Exercise improves glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2016;62:188–196. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan M. A prospective study of physical activity and its role in management and prevention of diabetes. J Exerc Sci Physiother. 2007;3:111–119.
   Google Scholar
• Buresh R, Berg K. Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: factors to consider with current guidelines. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58:510–524. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06969-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith AD, Crippa A, Woodcock J, Brage S. Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2016;59:2527–2545. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4079-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, et al. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:e147–67. doi:10.2337/dc10-9990.
   Google Scholar
• Jeon CY, Lokken RP, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:744–752. doi:10.2337/dc06-1842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedewa MV, Gist NH, Evans EM, Dishman RK. Exercise and Insulin resistance in youth: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e163–74. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francesconi C, Lackinger C, Weitgasser R, Haber P, Niebauer J. Körperliche Aktivität und Training in der Prävention und Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128:141–145. doi:10.1007/s00508-015-0923-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafstad AD, Boardman N, Aasum E. How exercise may amend metabolic disturbances in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;22:1587–1605. doi:10.1089/ars.2015.6304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang D, Yang Y, Li Y, Han R. Physical exercise as therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: from mechanism to orientation. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74:313–321. doi:10.1159/000500110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polikandrioti M, Dokoutsidou H. The role of exercise and nutrition in type II diabetes mellitus management. Health Sci J. 2009;3:6.
   Google Scholar
• Ivy JL. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Med. 1997;24:321–336. doi:10.2165/00007256-199724050-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford KI, Goodyear LJ. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Adv Physiol Educ. 2014;38:308–314. doi:10.1152/advan.00080.2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanat S, Ghahri S, Dianatinasab A, Fararouei M, Dianatinasab M. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. In: Xiao J, editor. Physical Exercise for Human Health. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2020:91–105. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_6
   Google Scholar
• Kränkel N, Bahls M, Van Craenenbroeck EM, et al. Exercise training to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: how does it work? Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:701–708. doi:10.1177/2047487318805158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verboven M, Van Ryckeghem L, Belkhouribchia J, et al. Effect of exercise intervention on cardiac function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2019;49:255–268. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1003-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yates T, Khunti K, Troughton J, Davies M. The role of physical activity in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85:129–133. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2008.067900
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Feyter HM, Praet SF, van den Broek NM, et al. Exercise training improves glycemic control in long-standing insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2511–2513. doi:10.2337/dc07-0183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlo Negri EB. Influence of acute bouts of exercise on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring systems. J Diabetes Metab. 2013;04. doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000311.
   Google Scholar
• Nakhanakhup C, Moungmee P, Appell HJ, Duarte JA. Regular physical exercise in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2006;3:10–19. doi:10.1007/s11556-006-0002-x
   Google Scholar
• Teo SYM, Kanaley JA, Guelfi KJ, et al. Exercise timing in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:2387–2397. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19:205–226. doi:10.1111/pedi.12755
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart KJ. Exercise training and the cardiovascular consequences of type 2 diabetes and hypertension: plausible mechanisms for improving cardiovascular health. JAMA. 2002;288:1622. doi:10.1001/jama.288.13.1622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green S, Kiely C, O’Connor E, Gildea N, O’Shea D, Egaña M. Effects of exercise training and sex on dynamic responses of O2 uptake in type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020. doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0636
   Google Scholar
• Yanai H, Adachi H, Masui Y, et al. Exercise therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. J Clin Med Res. 2018;10:365–369. doi:10.14740/jocmr3382w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asano RY. Acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes: A review. WJD. 2014;5:659. doi:10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.659
   Google Scholar
• Colberg SR, Hernandez MJ, Shahzad F. Blood glucose responses to type, intensity, duration, and timing of exercise. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:e177–e177. doi:10.2337/dc13-0965
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yan H, Prista A, Ranadive SM, et al. Effect of aerobic training on glucose control and blood pressure in T2DDM east African males. ISRN Endocrinol. 2014;2014:1–6. doi:10.1155/2014/864897
   Google Scholar
• Figueira FR, Umpierre D, Casali KR, et al. Aerobic and combined exercise sessions reduce glucose variability in type 2 diabetes: crossover randomized trial. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57733. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurniawati Y, Baridah HA, Kusumawati MD, Wabula I. Effectiveness of physical exercise on the glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review. Jurnal Ners. 2019;14(3si):199–204. doi:10.20473/jn.v14i3(si).17059
   Google Scholar
• Embaby H, Elsayed E, Fawzy M. Insulin sensitivity and plasma glucose response to aerobic exercise in pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2016;26:409. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v26i5.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge MLMP, de Oliveira VN, Resende NM, et al. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011;60:1244–1252. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Qi Y, Bi L, et al. Effects of exercise on blood glucose and glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic patients with dawn phenomenon. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:1–6. doi:10.1155/2020/6408724
   Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Tan S, Wang Z, Guo Z, Li Q, Wang J. Aerobic exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity improves body composition, glycemic control, and physical capacity in older people with type 2 diabetes. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2020;18:7–13. doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2019.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sá CA, Grudka Heizen P, Corralo VS, Gonzaga Dos Santos GA, Moura Soares NM. Chronic effect of aerobic exercise on anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Rev Andal Med Deport. 2016;9:173–179. doi:10.1016/j.ramd.2015.09.005
   Google Scholar
• Gibala MJ, Little JP. Physiological basis of brief vigorous exercise to improve health. J Physiol. 2020;598:61–69. doi:10.1113/JP276849
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manders RJF, Van Dijk J-WM, Van Loon LJC. Low-intensity exercise reduces the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:219–225. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b3b16d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe RS, Fitzpatrick B, Fitzpatrick S, et al. Extremely short duration interval exercise improves 24-h glycaemia in men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118:2551–2562. doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3980-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coelho LH, Amorim PRDS, Marins JCB, et al. Glycemic response during and after aerobic and resistance exercise training in type 2 diabetics: experimental study. Man Ther Posturol Rehabi. 2018;16:604. doi:10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2018.16.604
   Google Scholar
• Bergman BC, Goodpaster BH. Exercise and muscle lipid content, composition, and localization: influence on muscle insulin sensitivity. Diabetes. 2020;69:848–858. doi:10.2337/dbi18-0042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanuso S, Sacchetti M, Sundberg CJ, Orlando G, Benvenuti P, Balducci S. Exercise in type 2 diabetes: genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations. A review of the evidence. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1533–1538. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsian H, Eizadi M, Khorshidi D, et al.; Dept. of Physical Education and Sports Science, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Islamshahr, Iran, Eizadi M, Dept. of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran, Khorshidi D, Dept. of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran. The effect of long-term aerobic exercise on serum adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. jjums. 2013;11:41–48. doi:10.29252/jmj.11.1.6
   Google Scholar
• Cai H, Li G, Zhang P, Xu D, Chen L. Effect of exercise on the quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2017;26:515–530. doi:10.1007/s11136-016-1481-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Y, Dennis SM, Kiernan MC, Harmer AR. Aerobic exercise training may improve nerve function in type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;e3099. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dos Anjos DMDC, de Moreira BS, Kirkwood RN, Dias RC, Pereira DS, Pereira LSM. Effects of aerobic exercise on functional capacity, anthropometric measurements and inflammatory markers in diabetic elderly women. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21:509–516. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.07.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grace A, Chan E, Giallauria F, Graham PL, Smart NA. Clinical outcomes and glycaemic responses to different aerobic exercise training intensities in type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:37. doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0518-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alizadeh AA, Rahmani-Nia F, Mohebbi H, Zakerkish M. Effects of eight weeks aerobic exercise on plasma levels of Orexin A, Leptin, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance in males with type 2 diabetes. Iran J Diabetes Obes. 2015;7:7.
   Google Scholar
• Abd El-Kader SM. Aerobic versus resistance exercise training in modulation of insulin resistance, adipocytokines and inflammatory cytokine levels in obese type 2 diabetic patients. J Adv Res. 2011;2:179–183. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.09.003
   Google Scholar
• Bacchi E, Negri C, Zanolin ME, et al. Metabolic effects of aerobic training and resistance training in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (the RAED2 study). Diabetes Care. 2012;35:676–682. doi:10.2337/dc11-1655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eves ND, Plotnikoff RC. Resistance training and type 2 diabetes: considerations for implementation at the population level. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1933–1941. doi:10.2337/dc05-1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesta DH, Goncalves RLS, Madiraju AK, Strasser B, Sparks LM. Resistance training to improve type 2 diabetes: working toward a prescription for the future. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017;14:24. doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0173-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strasser B, Pesta D. Resistance training for diabetes prevention and therapy: experimental findings and molecular mechanisms. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:1–8. doi:10.1155/2013/805217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown EC, Franklin BA, Regensteiner JG, Stewart KJ. Effects of single bout resistance exercise on glucose levels, insulin action, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: A narrative review. J Diabetes Complications. 2020;34:107610. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107610
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irvine C, Taylor NF. Progressive resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55:237–246. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70003-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos GMD, Montrezol FT, Pauli LSS, et al. Undulatory physical resistance training program increases maximal strength in elderly type 2 diabetics. Einstein (São Paulo). 2014;12:425–432. doi:10.1590/S1679-45082014AO3162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenicchia LM, Kanaley JA, Azevedo JL, et al. Influence of resistance exercise training on glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2004;53:284–289. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azari N, Rahmati M, Fathi M. The effect of resistance exercise on blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in iranian patients with type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Diabetes Obes. 2018;10:11.
   Google Scholar
• Mendes R, Sousa N, Themudo-Barata JL, Reis VM. High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled crossover trial of the acute effects of treadmill walking on glycemic control. IJERPH. 2019;16:4163. doi:10.3390/ijerph16214163
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy S, Vaidya V, Houghton D, et al. Unsupervised high-intensity interval training improves glycaemic control but not cardiovascular autonomic function in type 2 diabetes patients: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2019;16:69–76. doi:10.1177/1479164118816223
   Google Scholar
• Savikj M, Gabriel BM, Alm PS, et al. Afternoon exercise is more efficacious than morning exercise at improving blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2019;62:233–237. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4767-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada T, Wilson BJ, Myette-Côté E, et al. Targeting specific interstitial glycemic parameters with high-intensity interval exercise and fasted-state exercise in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2016;65:599–608. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillen JB, Little JP, Punthakee Z, Tarnopolsky MA, Riddell MC, Gibala MJ. Acute high-intensity interval exercise reduces the postprandial glucose response and prevalence of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:575–577. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01564.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenami E, Iwamoto S, Shiraishi N, et al. Effects of low-intensity resistance training on muscular function and glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10:331–338. doi:10.1111/jdi.12926
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon BA, Benson AC, Bird SR, Fraser SF. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83:157–175. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heden TD, Liu Y, Kanaley JA. A comparison of adipose tissue interstitial glucose and venous blood glucose during postprandial resistance exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2018;124:1054–1061. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00475.2017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen S-M, Shen F-C, Chen J-F, Chang W-D, Chang N-J. Effects of resistance exercise on glycated hemoglobin and functional performance in older patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus and knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. IJERPH. 2019;17:224. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010224
   Google Scholar
• Liu J, Zhu L, Li P, Li N, Xu Y. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on glycemic control and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31:575–593. doi:10.1007/s40520-018-1012-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Ye W, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Kuo C-H, Korivi M. Resistance exercise intensity is correlated with attenuation of HbA1c and insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. IJERPH. 2019;16:140. doi:10.3390/ijerph16010140
   Google Scholar
• Schwingshackl L, Missbach B, Dias S, König J, Hoffmann G. Impact of different training modalities on glycaemic control and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2014;57:1789–1797. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3303-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boulé NG, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:357. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal RJ, Kenny GP. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2010;304:2298. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan S, Li W, Wang J. Effects of six months of combined aerobic and resistance training for elderly patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11:495–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;56:115–123. doi:10.1016/S0168-8227(01)00368-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsen NM, Swift DL, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Combined aerobic and resistance training effects on glucose homeostasis, fitness, and other major health indices: a review of current guidelines. Sports Med. 2016;46:1809–1818. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0548-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2977–2982. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.2977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Cheetham C, et al. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:860–866. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01439-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanuso S, Jimenez A, Pugliese G, Corigliano G, Balducci S. Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47:15–22. doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0126-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A 1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:2253. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AminiLari Z, Fararouei M, Amanat S, et al. The effect of 12 weeks aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises on omentin-1 levels and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic middle-aged women. Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41:205. doi:10.4093/dmj.2017.41.3.205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bgeginski R, Ribeiro PAB, Mottola MF, Ramos JGL. Effects of weekly supervised exercise or physical activity counseling on fasting blood glucose in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Diabetes. 2017;9:1023–1032. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12519
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan B, Ge L, Xun Y, et al. Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15:72. doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0703-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sampath Kumar A, Maiya AG, Shastry BA, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;62:98–103. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2018.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas D, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA. Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002968.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Umpierre D. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA 1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:1790. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuing T, Lizana PA, Berral FJ. Hemoglobina glicada y ejercicio: una revisión sistemática. Rev Med Chile. 2019;147:480–489. doi:10.4067/S0034-98872019000400480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 2001;286:1218. doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Way KL, Hackett DA, Baker MK, Johnson NA. The effect of regular exercise on insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40:253. doi:10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood Sugar and Exercise | ADA. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org/fitness/get-and-stay-fit/getting-started-safely/blood-glucose-and-exercise. Accessed April 24, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Peirce NS. Diabetes and exercise. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33:161–172. doi:10.1136/bjsm.33.3.161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanouchi K, Shinozaki T, Chikada K, et al. Daily walking combined with diet therapy is a useful means for obese NIDDM patients not only to reduce body weight but also to improve insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:775–778. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medscape: diabetes mellitus and exercise;2010. Available from: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717051. Accessed July 30, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dubé JJ, Allison KF, Rousson V, Goodpaster BH, Amati F. Exercise dose and insulin sensitivity: relevance for diabetes prevention. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:793–799. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823f679f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsom SA, Everett AC, Hinko A, Horowitz JF. A single session of low-intensity exercise is sufficient to enhance insulin sensitivity into the next day in obese adults. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2516–2522. doi:10.2337/dc12-2606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann S, Beedie C, Balducci S, et al. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence: insulin sensitivity and exercise modality. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014;30:257–268. doi:10.1002/dmrr.2488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Patterson BW, Smith GI, et al. A ~60-min brisk walk increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal but has no effect on hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in older women. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114:1563–1568. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01364.2012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird SR, Hawley JA. Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2017;2:e000143. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawley JA, Lessard SJ. Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action: exercise and insulin action. Acta Physiol. 2007;192:127–135. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01783.x
   Google Scholar
• Kirwan JP, Solomon TPJ, Wojta DM, Staten MA, Holloszy JO. Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297:E151–6. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojtaszewski JFP, Nielsen JN, Richter EA. Invited review: effect of acute exercise on insulin signaling and action in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:384–392. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00043.2002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayashi T, Wojtaszewski JFP, Goodyear LJ. Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1997;273:E1039–51. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.6.E1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S-X, Zheng F, Xie K-L, Xie M-R, Jiang L-J CY. Exercise reduces insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes mellitus via mediating the lncRNA MALAT1/MicroRNA-382-3p/Resistin Axis. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2019;18:34–44. doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2019.08.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubé JJ, Amati F, Toledo FGS, et al. Effects of weight loss and exercise on insulin resistance, and intramyocellular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and ceramide. Diabetologia. 2011;54:1147–1156. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2065-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yokoyama H, Emoto M, Fujiwara S, et al. Short-term aerobic exercise improves arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;65:85–93. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2003.12.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross R. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:92. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourier A, Gautier J-F, Kerviler ED, et al. Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM: effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:385–391. doi:10.2337/diacare.20.3.385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos RMDS, Masquio DCL, Corgosinho FC, et al. Effects of magnitude of visceral adipose tissue reduction: impact on insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents with obesity after long-term weight-loss therapy. Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2019;16:196–206. doi:10.1177/1479164118825343
   Google Scholar
• Vissers D, Hens W, Taeymans J, Baeyens J-P, Poortmans J, Van Gaal L. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e56415. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabag A, Way KL, Keating SE, et al. Exercise and ectopic fat in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43:195–210. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2016.12.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bacchi E, Negri C, Targher G, et al. Both resistance training and aerobic training reduce hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (the RAED2 randomized trial): hepatology. Hepatology. 2013;58:1287–1295. doi:10.1002/hep.26393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teich T, Zaharieva DP, Riddell MC. Advances in exercise, physical activity, and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21:S-112-S-122. doi:10.1089/dia.2019.2509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Mari A, et al. Exercise training decreases pancreatic fat content and improves beta cell function regardless of baseline glucose tolerance: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2018;61:1817–1828. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4627-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieuwoudt S, Fealy CE, Foucher JA, et al. Functional high-intensity training improves pancreatic β-cell function in adults with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2017;313:E314–20. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00407.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon TPJ, Malin SK, Karstoft K, Kashyap SR, Haus JM, Kirwan JP. Pancreatic β-cell function is a stronger predictor of changes in glycemic control after an aerobic exercise intervention than insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:4176–4186. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brankston GN, Mitchell BF, Ryan EA, Okun NB. Resistance exercise decreases the need for insulin in overweight women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:188–193. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(03)00951-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olver TD, Laughlin MH. Endurance, interval sprint, and resistance exercise training: impact on microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310:H337–50. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00440.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu S, Cai X, Yin H, et al. Exercise training and endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:64. doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0711-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotnikoff RC, Costigan SA, Karunamuni ND, Lubans DR. Community-based physical activity interventions for treatment of Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2013;4. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrne H, Caulfield B, De Vito G. Effects of self-directed exercise programmes on individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review evaluating their effect on HbA1c and other metabolic outcomes, physical characteristics, cardiorespiratory fitness and functional outcomes. Sports Med. 2017;47:717–733. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0593-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umpierre D, Ribeiro PAB, Schaan BD, Ribeiro JP. Volume of supervised exercise training impacts glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-regression analysis. Diabetologia. 2013;56:242–251. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2774-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson JG. Exercise and the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update. Sports Med. 1999;27:381–391. doi:10.2165/00007256-199927060-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein ML, Williams DM, O’Neil LK, Hayes J, Stephens JW, Bracken RM. Physical exercise and non‐insulin glucose‐lowering therapies in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review. Diabet Med. 2018;dme.13865. doi:10.1111/dme.13865
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirwan JP, Sacks J, Nieuwoudt S. The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes. CCJM. 2017;84 7 suppl 1:S15–21. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84.s1.03
   Google Scholar
• Ishiguro H, Kodama S, Horikawa C, et al. In search of the ideal resistance training program to improve glycemic control and its indication for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46:67–77. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0379-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T, Liu Y, Zhong R, Xu D, Wang H, Fu BS-C. Benefit effects of aerobic exercise and resistance training on the management of type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2018;11:10433–10445.
   Google Scholar
• Rijal A, Nielsen EE, Hemmingsen B, et al. Adding exercise to usual care in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Syst Rev. 2019;8:330. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1233-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francois ME, Baldi JC, Manning PJ, et al. ‘Exercise snacks’ before meals: a novel strategy to improve glycaemic control in individuals with insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 2014;57:1437–1445. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3244-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marliss EB, Vranic M. Intense exercise has unique effects on both insulin release and its roles in glucoregulation: implications for diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51 Supplement 1:S271–83. doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.2007.S271
   Google Scholar