Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Weight Status: A Systematic Review

References

• Pilis W, Stec K, Zych M, Pilis A. Health benefits and risk associated with adopting a vegetarian diet. Rocz Pantsw Zakl Hig. 2014;65(1):9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruby MB. Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite. 2012;58(1):141–150. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrin T, Papadopoulos A. Understanding the attitudes and perceptions of vegetarian and plant-based diets to shape future health promotion programs. Appetite. 2017;109:40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld DL, Burrow AL. Vegetarian on purpose: understanding the motivations of plant-based dieters. Appetite. 2017;116:456–463. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836–1878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1627–1633. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy CT, Temple N, Woodside JV. Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(12):2287–2294. doi:10.1017/S1368980012000936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boseley S [Internet]. Global cost of obesity-related illness to hit $1.2tn a year from 2025 2017. Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/oct/10/treating-obesity-related-illness-will-cost-12tn-a-year-from-2025-experts-warn. Accessed, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ramage S, Farmer A, Eccles K, McCargar L. Healthy strategies for successful weight loss and weight maintenance: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39:1–20. doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy ET, Bowman S, Spence J, Freedman M, King J. Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:411–420. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00108-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Bertron P, Hurlock D, Edmonds K, Talev L. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(8):969–972. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00911-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou AJ, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Am J Med. 2005;118(9):991–997. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1588–1596. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard ND, Levin SM, Gloede L, Flores R. Turning the waiting room into a classroom: weekly classes using a vegan or a portion-controlled eating plan improve diabetes control in a randomized translational study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(6):1072–1079. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkan AC, Sjoberg B, Kolsrud B, Ringertz B, Hafstrom I, Frostegard J. Gluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(2):R34. doi:10.1186/ar2388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND, Hoover VJ, et al. A multicomponent intervention reduces body weight and cardiovascular risk at a GEICO corporate site. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(6):384–387. doi:10.4278/ajhp.081027-QUAN-255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haugen MA, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Skakkebaek N, et al. The influence of fast and vegetarian diet on parameters of nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1993;12(1):62–69. doi:10.1007/BF02231561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakse B, Pinter S, Jakse B, Bucar Pajek M, Pajek J. Effects of an ad libitum consumed low-fat plant-based diet supplemented with plant-based meal replacements on body composition indices. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9626390. doi:10.1155/2017/9626390
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansson G, Holmen A, Persson L, et al. The effect of a shift from a mixed diet to a lacto-vegetarian diet on human urinary and fecal mutagenic activity. Carcinogenesis. 1992;13:153–157. doi:10.1093/carcin/13.2.153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaartinen K, Lammi K, Hypen M, Nenonen M, Hanninen O, Rauma AL. Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol. 2000;29(5):308–313. doi:10.1080/030097400447697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahleova H, Dort S, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: the role of carbohydrates. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1302. doi:10.3390/nu10091302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahleova H, Fleeman R, Hlozkova A, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein. Nutr Diabetes. 2018;8(1):58. doi:10.1038/s41387-018-0067-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahleova H, Hlozkova A, Fleeman R, Fletcher K, Holubkov R, Barnard N. Fat quantity and quality, as part of a low-fat, vegan diet, are associated with changes in body composition, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion. a 16-week randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2019;11:615. doi:10.3390/nu11030615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Haugen M, Borchgrevink CF, et al. Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1991;338:899–902. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91770-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard ND. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(7):718–724. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore WJ, McGrievy ME, Turner-McGrievy GM. Dietary adherence and acceptability of five different diets, including vegan and vegetarian diets, for weight loss: the New DIETs study. Eat Behav. 2015;19:33–38. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pischke CR, Weidner G, Elliott-Eller M, et al. Comparison of coronary risk factors and quality of life in coronary artery disease patients with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(9):1267–1273. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.051
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G, et al. Low-calorie vegetarian versus mediterranean diets for reducing body weight and improving cardiovascular risk profile: cardiveg study (cardiovascular prevention with vegetarian diet). Circulation. 2018;137:1103–1113. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Radcliffe JL. Physiologic and related behavioral outcomes from the Women’s Lifestyle Heart Trial. Ann Behav Med. 2000;22(1):1–9. doi:10.1007/BF02895162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity. 2007;15(9):2276–2281. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-McGrievy GM, Davidson CR, Wingard EE, Wilcox S, Frongillo EA. Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: a randomized controlled trial of five different diets. Nutrition. 2015;31(2):350–358. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(3):e256. doi:10.1038/nutd.2017.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486–2497. doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz M, Bantle J, Beepe C, Brunzell J, Chiasson J, Garg A. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diab Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diab Care. 2009;32:791–796. doi:10.2337/dc08-1886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell M, Appleby P, Spencer E, Key T. Weight gain over 5 years in 21,966 meat-eating, fish-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Int J Obes. 2006;30(9):1389–1396. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. Body composition in clinical practice. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1461–1468. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, Livingstone KM, et al. Higher vegetable protein consumption, assessed by an isoenergetic macronutrient exchange model, is associated with a lower presence of overweight and obesity in the web-based Food4me European study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2019;70(2):240–253. doi:10.1080/09637486.2018.1492524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller MJ, Braun W, Enderle J, Bosy-Westphal A. Beyond BMI: conceptual issues related to overweight and obese patients. Obes Facts. 2016;9:193–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarys P, Deliens T, Huybrechts I, et al. Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1318. doi:10.3390/nu6031318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar RS, Feresin RG. Plant-based diets in the reduction of body fat: physiological effects and biochemical insights. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2712. doi:10.3390/nu11112712
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appleby PN, Key TJ. The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. Proc Nutr Soc. 2016;75(3):287–293. doi:10.1017/S0029665115004334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard ND, Levin SM, Yokoyama Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in body weight in clinical trials of vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(6):954–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Bunn D, Brown T, Summerbell C, Skeaff CM. Effects of total fat intake on body weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD011834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar